418 MINNESOTA BOTANICAL STUDIES. 
tened in the dry, ripe seed but swell out in seeds which have 
been soaked in water. The tegmen consists of a single layer of 
small rectangular cells with thick periclinal and thin anticlinal 
walls. The cell walls are of a dull brownish color and the cav- 
ities are without contents. 
Germination takes place in from four to six weeks when 
seeds are placed under favorable conditions. The cotyledons 
generally escape from the seed-coat before appearing above 
ground. This is easily done because by this time the endo- 
sperm has been completely used and the seed-coat is likely to 
be somewhat rotted during the long period of germination. 
Morphology of the Scedling.—lIn the young seedling the cot- 
yledons are small, the blades being generally about 4 mm. in 
length when they first emerge above the surface of the soil. 
They increase considerably in size, becoming 8 mm. long and 
6mm. wide. They are ovate, bluntly pointed, with three prin- 
cipal veins from which spring conspicuous secondary veins. 
The petioles are connate from their bases to a point only a few 
millimeters from the blades. The structure formed of the united 
petioles emerges above the surface of the soil in the form of an 
arch, thus simulating a hypocotyl. (See Fig. 1.) The connate 
bases of the cotyledons form a dome-shaped structure covering 
the growing point of the shoot. This structure may be termed 
the cotyledonary sheath. The development of the foliage leaves 
causes a rupture of the cotyledonary sheath. Through the 
opening formed the first and succeeding leaves emerge. (See 
Figs. 2 and 3.) The cotyledons wither and finally disappear 
about the sixth week after germination. The first internodes of 
the stem do not elongate and the sub-aérial portion of the plant 
consists only of a rosette of long-petioled leaves, until the some- 
what scape-like flowering stem is produced. The early foliage 
leaves show considerable variation in the blade. The first is 
palmately tri-lobed with narrow sinuses. In some specimens 
the lobes are pointed, in others rounded. The separate lobes 
are sometimes rather deeply one- to two-toothed. Later leaves 
may be similar or may be five-lobed, the lobes generally mucro- 
nate, or acute, not rounded. The young seedling of the plant 
studied resembles that of Delphinium nudicaule, first observed 
by Asa Gray,* and accurately described by Darwin.t Lub- 
*Gray. Botanical Text Book, Ed. VI, 1: 22. 1879. 
{ Darwin. The Power of Movementiin Plants,’ p. 80 (American Edition). 
