Fink: LICHENS OF NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA. 679 
Calicium trabinellum (ScHAER.) Kzr. 
Calicium parietinum Acu. 
The similar formations were studied at Bemidji and Red 
lake, and the species marked (C) were found in each of the 
three formations. For Bemidji may be added Beatora virides- 
cens (Schrad.) Fr, and for both Bemidji and Red Lake, Cetrarza 
juniperina(L.) Ach. var. pinastr¢ Ach. Although occurring 
in the same area as the second formation above on the living 
tamaracks, the present one will be found by comparison to be 
quite distinct both as to genera and species. 
Growing in moist areas, the lichens of the formation are 
almost uniformly those which rise more or less from the sub- 
stratum. Nearly all are the Cladonras and Caliciums, which 
have podetia rising erect from the substratum and are protected 
on all sides by a pseudo-cortex of densely interwoven hyphe 
running in a longitudinal direction. 
The earth lichen formations of the swamps were carefully 
noted and were found to be essentially like those of Cladonta 
formations of rotten wood recorded above, at least as to genera. 
I shall record the formation provisionally that it may be further 
studied and shall name it for a variety of Peltzgera thus far 
found in the state only in the swamps. 
PELTIGERA CANINA LEUCORRHIZA LICHEN FORMATION OF 
EARTH IN TAMARACK SWAMPS (BEMIDJI). 
Peltigera canina (L.) Horrm., C. 
Peltigera canina (L.) Horr. var. leucorrhiza Fux., C. 
Cladonia cariosa (AcH.) SprReNG., R L. 
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr., C. 
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyw. var. verticillata Fr., C. 
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Nyx. var. hybrida Scuaerr., C. 
Cladonia cenotea (Acu.) ScuaEr., R L. 
Cladonia furcata (Hups.) Fr., B and H. 
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Horrn., C. 
The similar formations were studied at Henning and Red 
lake. Those marked (C) are common to the three formations, 
those marked (R L) were found at Red lake only and the one 
marked (B and H) at Henning as well as at Bemidji. The 
adaptations of the plants of these formations are, of course, the 
same as those of the lichens of the Cladonza formations of 
rotten wood. 
