BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 205 
Darwin, Charles. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Sup- 
plement on a remarkable bar of sandstone of Pernambuco on the 
coast of Brazil. Third ed., London, 1889, р. 277-280. Second ed., р. 
265-267. 
This is a slightly modified reprint, without the cut, of the article 
originally published in the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophi- 
cal Magazine, Oct., 1841, р. 257-261. 
Denis, Ferdinand. Brésil. Paris, 1863, р. 253. 
Denis says that the reef extends from Bahia to Cape St. Roque, and 
that at Pernambuco it is at the level of high tide and six feet above low 
tide. He quotes the following from a manuscript of L. Е. Tollenare : 
“The rock composing it is a very hard sandstone which encloses a great 
many perfectly preserved shells.” 
Findlay, Alexander George. A sailing directory for the Ethiopic or 
South Atlantic Ocean. 9th ed., London, 1883. 
“The Recife, a singular ridge of coral rock which borders the coast, 
has been previously noticed. It extends, more or less, all the way from 
Point Toiro, ог Calcanhar (lat. 5º 94/), to the Morro of St. Paulo (13° 
2%), and its intervals form the entrances to the various ports” (р. 378). 
The stone reefs are not distinguished by this author. After this general 
description they are all spoken of as “ reefs,” including the most not- 
able of the stone reefs. He adds, however, regarding that at Pernam- 
buco: “Mr. Cowper, formerly H. M. Consul at Pernambuco, considers 
that this reef is of coralline origin, and that when it has reached the sur- 
face, the insects abandon their labour, and the interstices of their beau- 
tiful fabric become choked with sand and broken shells, which after a 
time become incorporated with it, and form in appearance what is 
& rough sandstone” (p. 386). 
Fletcher, J. C., and Kidder, D. P. Brazil and the Brazilians. 9th ed. 
London, 1879, p. 513, 516. On page 516 is quoted the description 
given by Dr. Kidder, which see. 
On page 513 is given the same poor woodeut of the entrance to Per- 
nambnco as that first published in Hadfield’s Brazil, р. 98. 
Fournié, Victor, and Béringer, Emile. Mémoire sur le port du Recife. 
Uitgegeven van wege het “ Aardrijkskundig Genootschap.” Bij- 
blad, No. 8. Amsterdam and Utrecht, 1881. 
The second part of the mémoire by M. Beringer is upon “Le port de 
Pernambuco et la ville du Recife au 17е siecle,” and includes the infor- 
