Panda a 
BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 207 
its origin to the decay of the rock between it and the shore.” He con- 
sidered the rocks at Rio Formoso the same as the Cretaceous rocks of 
Ceará, and he therefore must have considered the stone reefs to be 
of Cretaceous age. 
He notes a reef at Aracati (154), north of Cape St. Roque. 
Affonso H. de Souza Gomes. Relatorio sobre о melhoramento do 
porto do Natal, apresentado ao Ministro e Secretario dos Negocios 
da Agricultura. . . . Natal, 1890. 10 pp. and maps. 
This report says the Natal reef is of sandstone like that of Pernam- 
buco, hardened, as Hartt explained, by lime derived from shells in the 
beds. The rock opposite and inside the bar — Baixinha — he says is 
the same as the rock of the reef. The author speaks of one single con- 
tinuous reef along the coast, but he thinks the weakening and breaking 
of it due to the river current. The map of Hawkshaw is reproduced on 
a small scale. : 
The greater part of the paper is necessarily taken up with suggestions 
regarding the improvement of the port. 
Graham, Maria. Journal of a voyage to Brazil. London, 1824. 
Mrs. Graham visited Pernambuco in 1821, and examined the reefs. 
She says (p. 101) that “the rock of which the reef is formed, is said to 
be coral ; but it is so coated with barnacle and limpet above barnacle and 
limpet that I can see nothing but the remainder of these shells for many 
feet down, and as deep into the rock as our hammers will break. . 
The reef is certainly one of the wonders of the world; it is scarcely 
Sixteen feet broad at top.” 
According to Maria Graham (p. 101), the Pernambuco reef was arti- 
ficially mended by Count Maurice during the time of the Dutch occu- 
pancy. The lighthouse was just being put up on the reef when she 
went there in 1821. 
Guelen, Aug. de. Briefve relation de Pestat de Phernambucq, dédié à 
l'Assemblée des Dix-neuf pour la três noble compagnie d’West-Inde, 
par А. de Guelen. Amsterdam, 1640. 4°, 22 ff. (Not seen; title 
from A. L. Garraux’ Bib. Bras. Paris, 1898.) 
Hadfield, William. Brazil, the River Plate, and the Falkland Islands. 
London, 1854. 
Speaking of Pernambuco, he says (p. 101): “The harbor is quite a 
natural one, formed by a reef of coral rocks already described as running 
1 For a copy of this rare report I am indebted to my friend, Dr. Jose de Ber- 
redo, Engineer, Natal. 3 ' 
