BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 203 
Bayern, Therese Prinzessin Von. Meine Reise in den Brasilianischen 
Tropen, von Therese Prinzessin von Bayern (Th. von Bayer)  Ber- 
Im; 1897, 
This writer passed through the São Roque channel in a small coasting 
steamer, and mentions the reefs there, but does not say whether they are 
stone or coral reefs (p. 204). She notes the interesting fact that at 
Touros the palms have their trunks all leaning toward the northwest on 
account of the predominating direction of the winds (р. 204). The 
Natal reef is spoken of as a stone reef (р. 205). A photograph of the 
Pernambuco reef is reproduced and the reef mentioned as being of sand- 
stone (p. 213). 
Belmar, A. de. Voyage aux Provinces Brésiliennes du Pará et des 
Amazones en 1860, Londres, 1861, 42. 
“Toute la cóte est défendue par cette longue cordillére sous-marine 
qui, de Santa Catherina jusqu’au Pará, cotoie le littoral américain.” By 
this submarine mountain chain is meant the stone reef at Pernambuco. 
Bérenger. See Fournié. 
Caminha, Pero Vaz de. Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha published in 
a foot-note in the Corografia Brazilica de Manuel Ayres de Cazal, 
Rio de Janeiro, 1817, Vol. I. 12 to 34. It is also republished in 
modern Portuguese in the Revista do Instituto Historico do Brazil, 
1877, XL. pt. IL, p. 13-37. 
This letter of Vaz de Caminha, one of the companions of Cabral, the 
discoverer of Brazil, was dated at Porto Seguro, May 1, 1500. It gives 
no specific information about the reef, but it contains the earliest record 
of its existence, — that at Porto Seguro, — which he speaks of as “a reef 
having a very good and secure port inside of it." (р. 15.) 
Capanema, Guilherme 8. de. Trabalhos da Commissio Scientifica de 
Exploração I., Introducção, Rio Janeiro, 1862, p. exxi-exxii. 
This paper is the preliminary report of the geological section of the 
commission. The author examined the reef rock near the lighthouse at 
Bahia. He says: “There is a psammite there still in process of forma- 
tion; the rock is sand cemented with lime, possibly derived from the 
Corals whose heads are destroyed as fast they emerge. This rock, which 
is identical with that of the Peloponnesus and of the Antilles, is one more 
proof of the elevation of our coast, for while it is of submarine origin, it 
is broken above high-tide level. Instead of palacontological documents, 
it contains some that show the very recent date of the consolidation of 
these sands; I refer to bits of broken.pottery.” 
