HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DEEP-SEA WORK. 45 
arguments of Dr. Wallich would not have waited so many years 
for the recognition to which they were so justly entitled, and the 
bearing of which the French naturalist fully perceived. 
Of aus more important of the early publications which have 
little by little called attention to the presence of animal life at 
great depths, we may mention, in addition to those of the Rosses, 
the later (1853) papers of Professor Dailey of West Point, who 
examined the soundings submitted to him in 1850 by Professor 
Bache, the superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. 
Professor Bailey was among the first to perceive the great im- 
portance of the results for biology and geology. These sound- 
ings extended to a depth of nearly 9.000 fathoms, and we find 
here the first discussion of the mode of existence of the forami- 
nifera. Professor Bailey considered that they did not live on 
the bottom ; he further compared the nature of a part of the 
Atlantie ooze to the chalk of England, and that of another to 
our green sand. Bailey’s views were not supported by Ehren- 
heng who argued that the foraminifera lived on the bottom 
aen they were dredged. A very guarded report on the same 
subject was written by Huxley on the soundings of Captain 
Dayman of the “Cyclops” in 1857 (from a depth of 2,400 
fathoms). He inclined to the opinion that the foraminifera 
lived at the bottom, and called attention also, as Bailey had 
done, to the great extension of globigerine, and to the exist- 
ence of genera dating back even earlier than to the time of the 
ehalk. 
Maffitt and Craven investigated (1852) Gulf Stream globi- 
gering: chalk formed of globigerine. Ehrenberg began in 
1850 his researches on the living and fossil marine organisms 
of great depths. "Then eame the important memoir of Wallich, 
Фа naturalist of the “ Bulldog," commanded by Sir Leopold 
McClintock (1860). He confirmed the results of Bailey and 
Huxley in regard to globigerine, and described ophiurans, 
crustaceans, serpulæ, from a depth of 465 fathoms. Then fol- 
low the explorations of Pourtalés, from 1867 to 1869, in con- 
nection with the United States Coast Survey, in the “Corwin” 
and “ Bibb.” ! 
1 Bull. M. C. Z., No. 6, Dee. 1867, and No. 7, Dee. 1868. 
