BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 217 
confuses them with the Tertiary rocks of the Bahia basin, with the sand- 
stones along the Amazonas, and with the rocks forming reefs of both 
Cretaceous and Tertiary ages along the coast from Abrolhos to Maranhäo. 
He appears to regard the reefs as narrow remnants of the Tertiary beds 
along the east coast of Brazil. 
М. A, Vital de Oliveira. Roteiro da costa do Brasil do Rio Mossoró 
ao Rio de 8. Francisco do Norte. Rio de Janeiro, 1864. 
This work, as the title indicates, is intended for navigators, but it 
mentions several of the reefs of the coast. One is reported at Murihú, 
one at Guagandú and one at Ceará-Merim. That at Natal is said to be 
uncovered at low tide, and to end at the Ponta do Morcego, a little more 
than half a league north of Pinto (р. 71-73). Mention is made of the 
reefs at “ Pontal da Susana," Cunhaú, Traição, Mamanguápe, etc. No 
distinction, however, is made between the different kinds of reefs. 
Penn, James. The South American Pilot. Part I. East coast of South 
America, from Cape St. Roque to Cape Virgins. 4th ed. London, 
1893. 
In speaking of the reefs of the northeast coast of Brazil in general this 
writer says (р. 48): “ The Recife, a singular ridge of coral rock, borders 
the coast generally at the distance of one-half to three miles, but in some 
parts much farther off, and extends more or less from the northeast 
point of Brazil, as far as Bahia; traces of it may be found more to the 
southward, and also along the north coast to Maranham. The reef, 
which is about 16 feet in breadth at the top, slopes off to seaward... . ” 
In other parts of this work, no distinction is made between the stone and 
the coral reefs, and the assumption seems to be that they are all coral, 
though several of the most important stone reefs are mentioned, such as 
those at Rio Grande do Norte, Traição, Mamanguäpe, Cunhahu, Pernam- 
buco, and Santo Agostinho. 
Antonio Bernadino Pereira do Lago. Memoria sobre a forte do mar 
em Pernambuco. Published in the Revista do Instituto Historico 
e Geographico do Brazil, 1862, p. 589-596. 
This article is without date; it was written after 1814, however. 
The author says the reef (a bank of rock) extends from S. lat. 6° to 18°; 
that is, from Rio Grande do Norte to the Abrolhos almost parallel 
with the coast, in some places uncovered, in others concealed, here 
Nearer the land and there further from it, and containing breaks or 
passages. : 
