216 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
Nieuhoff, John. Voyages and travels into Brazil, with a particular ac- 
count of all the remarkable passages that happened during the 
author’s stay of nine years in Brazil (first half of the seventeenth 
century). Vol. XIV. (p. 697-881) of Pinkerton’s collection of 
Voyages and Travels. London, 1813. 
The Pernambuco reef is described on pages 708-709. He says that 
“the whole coast of Brazil is, from one end to the other, surrounded 
with a long, thick, and flat ridge of rocks, which in some places is twenty 
and in other thirty paces broad ; however, there are certain passages in 
this ridge through which the ships approach the shore and some few 
places, where this ridge is not to be found at all.” He says that “at 
low tide most of those rocks appear above water; though the tide never 
fails to cover the same.” Не generally speaks of the reef as the “stony 
reef.” 
For the original edition of Nieuhof’s book, see the preceding title. 
Nieuhoff, John. Voyages and travels into Brazil and the East-Indies: 
containing an exact description of the Dutch Brasil . . . with a 
most particular account of all the remarkable passages that happened 
during the author’s stay of nine years in Brasil (1640-1649). Trans- 
lated from the Dutch original. London, printed for Awnsham and 
John Churchill at the Black Swan in Pater Noster Row, 1703, 4°, ill. 
The author, who was very familiar with the northeast coast of Brazil, 
states (p. 9) that “the whole coast of Brasil is from one end to the 
other, surrounded with a long, thick and flat ridge of Rocks, which in 
some places is 20 and in others 30 Paces broad: However there are 
certain Passages in this Ridge through which the Ships approach the 
Shoar, and some few Places, where this Ridge is not found at all.” He 
also states that at “ Low-Tide most of those Rocks appear above Water ; 
though the Tide never fails to cover the same.” Of the reef at Pernam- 
buco he says: “It is very flat, without any Prominences.” 
Olfers, Т. P. M. v. Ueber das niedrige Felsenriff der Küste von Brasilien. 
Archiv für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde. 
Herausgegeben von Dr. С. J. В. Karsten. ТУ. р. 173-183. 
Berlin, 1832. 
This is the earliest paper written by a geologist, and is one of the 
most important upon the stone reefs of Brazil. The author distinguishes 
between the stone and the coral reefs, and describes the rock of the stone 
reefs so that there can be no misapprehension regarding their character. 
He expresses the opinion that these reef rocks are of Tertiary age, but he 
