32 SEASONAL DEPOSITION IN AQUEO-GLACIAL SEDIMENTS. 
glacier in Séndra Strémfiord, Greenland, had according to Rink (1888) .77 
grams per liter. Helland (Heim, 1885, p. 363) gives the quantities of sediment 
in waters from many glaciers. The water of the Alangordleck glacier, Green- 
land, had 2.37 grams per liter. From Helland’s list ii copy other results from 
several glaciers:— Greenland, Assakak glacier, .20 grams per liter; Jacobsbain 
glacier, .10 grams per liter; Norway, Austerdal glacier, .056 grams per liter; 
Langedal glacier, .513 grams per liter. Reid also gives the-amount of sediment 
in the Unteraar glacial waters in Switzerland as .142 grams per liter. In August, 
1908, I determined the amount of sediment in the water of the Bow River at 
Banff, Alberta, in the Canadian Rockies and found, during warm weather, .28 
grams per liter. Banff is at least twenty-five miles from glacial ice. 
Reid (1895) notes that most of the sediment from the Muir glacier is depos- 
ited within a few miles of the ice front. This is due to the flocculation of the 
clay grains by the salt water of Glacier Bay. He even states that the yearly 
deposit must be as much as ten feet a year. Soundings appeared to indicate 
that the shallowing of the bay is going on as rapidly as that. In the case of 
fresh or slightly brackish water the settling is nothing like as rapid as in salt 
water. Fine clay grains in fresh water may remain in suspension for days 
and months. The experiments of E. M. Kindle (1916) are valuable in this 
connection. — 
Kindle writes: 
“Two quarts of water were thoroughly mixed with 3 cubic inches of clay and placed in 
two milk bottles of quart size with flaring type of neck. Two tablespoonfuls of salt were 
mixed with one (A), the other (B) remaining a freshwater mixture. At the end of ten min- 
utes the flocculated clay in A had settled 24 inches, and the upper 2% inches of the mixture 
was clear enough to read fine print through neck of bottle. In ten minutes the sediment 
had settled 43 inches, the mixture being perfectly clear in the upper part. The freshwater 
mixture showed no clearing during this interval. The settling was accompanied by constant 
upward currents of sediment all round the sides of bottle, starting from the contact of the 
flared and straight-sided part of the bottle. After the top of sediment had settled to the 
level of the straight-sided portion of bottle these upward currents on the sides ceased, and 
the surface of sediment at this stage was covered over by small fumarole-shaped mounds, 
3 to 10 mm. in diameter, each with an opening at the summit the size of a pin-head or smaller. 
The B mixture showed no sign of clearing during this period. Eighteen hours after starting 
this experiment 2 inches of sediment had fallen to the bottom of A, and the liquid above was 
perfectly clear. The sediment still had the irregular miniature-mound covered surface 
noted above. No settling appeared to take place in B during this time. After forty hours, 
settling had nearly ceased in the saline mixture, leaving perfectly clear water above the 2 
inches of sediment. The freshwater bottle showed its original turbidity throughout. Another 
freshwater mixture of this clay remained turbid after standing 23 months. At the end of 
forty hours the saline mixture was thoroughly shaken and sedimentation started over again. 
