82 BULLETIN OF THE 
separated by elevations which finally left the Caribbean, up to a com- 
paratively recent time, only connected with the Pacific, as it is to-day 
with the Atlantic, merely by narrow passages. 
Tur Coton or Dzzgr-SzEA TYPES. 
During our cruise a good deal of attention was given to making 
colored sketches of as large a number of deep-sea types as possible. 
There is among them considerable variety as well as range of color- 
ation. Although it is true, as has been noticed by Thomson and 
others, that the violets, reds, and purples are the prevailing colors, 
yet we find also a number of forms in which yellows prevail, as, for 
instance, in the Comatule and in Calamocrinus; the yellow in the 
latter genus passing to a greenish tinge, in the Comatule to a reddish 
tinge, or even to brilliant red as the principal tint. In the Crustacea 
the deep-sea types like Gnathophausia, Notostomus, and Glyphocran- 
gon are of a brilliant scarlet; in some types, as in the Munidæ and 
the Willemæsiæ, the coloration tends to pinkish, or yellowish pink, 
while in Nephrops and Heterocarpus the scarlet passes more into green- 
ish tints and patches. The color of the deep-sea Pycnogonide did not 
differ from that of the littoral species. The large eggs of some of the 
deep-sea genera are of a brilliant light blue, and in one genus of Ma- 
crura we found a deep dark metallic blue patch on the dorsal part of 
the carapace, in striking contrast to the brilliant crimson of the rest of 
the body. Blue is an uncommon color among pelagic animals, and is 
certainly not specially protective, as is stated by Hensen and others; 
for the Porpitide, Yanthina, Physalia, Glaucus, and a few other types, 
which form the exceptions, are among the most conspicuous of all sur- 
face animals. Many of these, especially among the Acalephs, are color- 
less, it is true, yet in spite of their transparency often become conspicu- 
ous objects from the development of more or less opaque genital organs 
or actinal appendages. 
The Starfishes, as a rule, were of duller hues than the Crustacea, 
but all more or less tending to pinkish tints, with a greater or less mix- 
ture of yellow or orange among the Astrogonidie on the one side, while 
on the other the Archasteride developed more into pinkish grays or 
ashy hues. The same was the case with the Brisingide. The Hy- 
menasteride, on the contrary, varied from light bluish violet to deep 
reddish chestnut colors. Among the Opbiurans, with the exception 
of Ophiocreas, which are of a yellowish brick-red, the species we dredged 
