HILL: GEOLOGY OF JAMAICA. 185 
faces, are present in Haiti upon even a more extended scale than in 
Jamaica. They are well developed in Cuba. They are probably absent 
from the Windward Islands so far as I can ascertain and especially 
Barbuda, Barbados, Martinique, Dominica, and Antigua, which I have 
especially studied. In Antigua there is some evidence in the configu- 
ration of the Pre-Kingston erosion epoch which is still largely sub- 
merged. No formation comparable to the Kingston has been recognized 
on the mainland of Panama. In the Coastal Plain of the United 
States and Northern Mexico the so called Lafayette formation of 
McGee and its extension into Arkansas (the Plateau Gravel) and Texas 
(the Uvalde formation) is identical in method of origin, although of 
Course not continuous in extent with it. These beds are an important 
landmark in the physical history and relations of the Antillean region. 
The Manchioneal (Pliocene) marls of Jamaica cannot be positively 
correlated with other regions, owing to the vagueness of the criteria 
for determining beds of this age. That marginal Pliocene formations 
exist in Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico is well known, while the beds cf 
Moen, Costa Rica,! and certain formations of Trinidad, Guadeloupe, 
Antigua, and other of the Windward Islands may be contemporaneous. 
Formations of this age have also been reported as extending far inland 
towards the foot of the central summits of Tehuantepec.? Marine 
formations of supposed Pliocene age are also extensively developed in 
Florida and South Carolina. Catalogues of Tropical Pliocene inverte- 
brate faunas are given by Gabb in the Appendix to his San Domingo 
Report, and of Florida and Yucatan by Heilprin® and Dall* from 
Tehuantepec. 
Elevated reefs, fossiliferous calcareous marls of the Falmouth type, 
and aggradational deposits of Pleistocene or later age have wide and 
extensive development in the marginal regions of Tropical America. 
These are all connected phenomena dependent for their origin upon the 
submergence and re-elevation of the pre-existing platforms and benches, 
and owe their present position to elevations in late geologie time. 
The Falmouth formation, composed of clastic shell limestone, prin- 
Cipally mollusean, is synchronous in origin with the elevated reefs. 
Littoral and lagoonal débris and beach wash preserved as marls and 
White limestones of this character are extensively developed in Haiti 
1 W, M. Gabb, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Series, Vol. VIII. No. 4, p. 849. 
? J. W. Spencer, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1897, Vol. LX, pp. 18-34, 
3 Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Science, December, 1890. 
Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1897, Vol. IX. pp. 18-84, 
