BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 211 
Kidder, Daniel Р. Sketches of residence and travel in Brazil. 2 vols. 
Philadelphia, 1845. II. 123. 
Dr. Kidder states that the rock of the reef of dark brown external 
appearance is hard yellowish sandstone containing bivalve shells; he 
refers to its “extending along the greater portion of the northern coast 
of Brazil.” The top of that at Pernambuco, he says, “is scarcely visible 
at high tide.” “At low water it is left dry, and stands like an artificial 
wall.” 
Koster, Henry. ‘Travels in Brazil. 1st ed. London, 1816. 2d ed. 
London, 1817. 
Koster lived in the Province of Pernambuco from 1809 to 1815. In 
Vol. Г. he gives a plan of the port of Pernambuco, showing the reef, 
furnished “by an English gentleman resident at Recife.” It shows the 
reef curving toward the land. “The reef of rocks . . . continues along 
the whole coast between Pernambuco and Maranham, and in some parts 
it runs at a very short distance from the shore, and in this case is usually 
high, remaining uncovered at low water, as at Recife; but in other 
places it recedes from the land and is then generally concealed. It has 
numberless breaks in it, through which the communication with the sea 
is laid open.” (р. 13-14 of 2d ed.) 
Laet, Jean de. L'histoire du Nouveau Monde ou description des Indes 
occidentales, contenant dix-huict Liures. Par le Sieur Iean de 
Laet, d’Anuers. Leyde, 1640. 
This writer, one of the directors of the West-India Company, lived in 
Pernambuco from the arrival of the Dutch in 1630 until 1636. 
Speaking of Olinda, he says (p. 530): “The port of this city . . . is 
closed by rocks and banks as if by a bar (which borders the coast of 
Brazil for many leagues) so that large ships enter only by a narrow 
passage.” Again (p. 533), he says: “ Almost all the coast of Brazil is 
bordered by rocks which form an almost continuous line, which rocks 
аге exposed at low tide, are about nine perches of ten feet wide and 
often more and stand like a bar or rampart . . . cut at many points.” 
Laet, Joannes de. Historie ofte Iaerlijek Verhael vande Verrichtinghen 
der Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie Zedert haer Begin tot 
het eynde van’t jaer 1636. Leyden, 1644. 
At р. 382 he gives a very good map of Cape St. Agostinho, showing 
the stone reef south of there. A map is also given (p. 364) of the 
mouth of the river at Rio Grande do Norte showing the stone reef. 
