34 BULLETIN OF THE 
schist from all the ranges have indeed been transported southeasterly 
into the adjoining valleys, but such fragments are entirely devoid of 
linear arrangement. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
As boulders do not usually occur in trains, it is natural to inquire to 
what circumstances the Richmond boulder trains owe their formation. 
The supposition of Sir Charles Lyell, that the boulders were trans- 
ported to their present position by floating ice, has already been alluded 
to (page 18). It of course implies that the level of the ocean must have 
stood somewhat above the crest of the Canaan and Lebanon Range dur- 
ing the formation of the trains, or, relatively to the land, 1,650 feet 
above its present level. Other writers have shown that the same line 
of argument which leads to this conclusion would necessitate a depres- 
sion of parts of the glaciated region to 5,000 feet below their present 
level, and they have also shown, from the absence of all marks of an 
oceanic shore line at that height, and from other considerations, that 
such a depression did not exist. 
Boulders of chloritic sandstone and of buff limestone have been alluded 
to as occurring in the region under consideration upon the Richmond 
Range, those of the former rock being at a height of 400 feet, and those 
of the latter 600 and 800 feet above their source. Upon the iceberg 
hypothesis, the position of these boulders cannot be accounted for, except 
on the condition that the supposed ocean level rose several hundred feet 
in the interval of transportation ; and it seems quite improbable that so 
great a change of level could take place in the short time necessary for 
the transporting icebergs to float the boulders two miles, the distance of 
their farthest source. 
Supposing, with most geologists of the present day, that this region, 
in common with a large part of the northern hemisphere, was, in the 
Post-Pliocene age, covered with dn ice-sheet, which had in certain dis- 
tricts a thickness of several thousand feet, and had a slow movement, — 
in this vicinity from the northwest towards the southeast, — why, as a 
result of the rending action of the ice exerted upon the crest of the 
Canaan and Lebanon Range, are there not boulders of chloritic schist 
scattered nearly uniformly over all the region to the southeast of that 
range? Such an arrangement might have resulted, had there been, at 
the time the material in question was being removed, a continuous out- 
crop of chloritic schist along the whole crest of the Canaan and Lebanon 
Range. 
