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BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 225 
Varnhagem. See Porto Seguro, Visconde de. 
Wappzeus, J. E. A geographia physica do Brazil. (Edição condensada.) 
Rio de Janeiro, 1884, p. 17-18. 
From Cape St. Roque to Olinda, and even to Bahia, there is a narrow 
bank of coral which begins to appear at Cearé. In places this connects 
with the shore, at others it is three hundred to four hundred metres 
away or even still further. At some places the reef is broken, forming 
passages for vessels and even harbors, as at Pernambuco and Rio Grande 
do Norte. 
Résumé or THE BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
The following facts stand out prominently in this bibliography : — 
I. Nearly all the descriptions of the Brazilian stone reefs hitherto 
published relate to the one at Pernambuco, due no doubt to the fact 
that Pernambuco is the most important port of Brazil north of Bahia. 
II. The most valuable papers are those of Darwin, Hartt, Rathbun, 
Hawkshaw, Fournié, and Béringer. 
III. Except in so far as they show that there has been no important 
changes in the reefs within historic times other writings have but little 
or no geologic value. 
No attempt has been made to get together the old maps showing the 
reefs of this coast, for with very few exceptions these reefs are put down 
in a more or less conventional manner, without attempting to show their 
real forms or extent. The earliest of these maps are probably those 
made under Admiral Lichthart during the Dutch occupancy (1637- 
44). The original atlas of these beautiful charts is in possession of 
the Instituto Archeologico е Geographico Pernambucano, where the writer 
had the pleasure of examining and copying them. The same institution 
has several other maps of Pernambuco of even earlier date. The value 
of all these maps, however, is historical rather than scientific. 
VOL, XLIV. 15 
