BULLETIN OF THE 
1. GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY. 
The area of territory studied in connection with the Richmond Boulder 
Trains is in the form of a belt extending about N. W. and S. E., and 
having as a centre the centre of the town of Richmond, Berkshire Co., 
Mass. ; it has a length of nearly nine miles, with a breadth of three and 
a half, making an area of about thirty square miles. (See Map of Boulder 
Trains, and Note A, page 39.) A considerable part of the area to the 
west of the centre lies in the State of New York. Three parallel ranges 
of hills, all having a N. N. E. and S. S. W. trend, are included within 
the region studied. 
CANAAN AND LEBANON RANGE. 
The most westerly, or Canaan and Lebanon Range, is a simple ridge 
lying in the towns of Canaan and Lebanon, Columbia Co., New York. 
Towards the west its flanks slope quite gently to the adjoining valley, 
while at the foot of its steep northern terminus lies the village of New 
Lebanon in a broad valley, which is drained towards the Hudson River 
by the Wyomanock Creek. Fry’s Hill, its highest point, is situated 
about midway of the length of the range, and is a prominent mass of 
rock rising about 200 feet above the general level of the crest of the 
ridge, and 620 feet above the Richmond station on the Boston and 
Albany Railroad.* For half a mile squth of Fry's Hill the ridge is quite 
sharp, being very steep on the eastern side, and presenting, along its 
crest, an alternation of knolls and slight depressions, To the north of 
Fry’s Hill the ridge, though still very precipitous on the eastern side, 
becomes somewhat broader, and ends, 14 miles N. N. E. of Fry's Hill, 
in à rocky prominence 525 feet high, called Douglas Knob. 
East of the Canaan and Lebanon Range lies the Shaker Valley, the 
greater part of which is drained towards the north by a branch of Wyo- 
manock Creek ; Whiting's Pond, however, lying at the south end of the 
valley, receives a small portion of the drainage, and has an outlet towards 
the southwest. The divide between the two systems of drainage is on 
a level with the Richmond station, and is but eight to ten feet higher 
than Whiting's Pond, while the north end of thé valley, near New 
Lebanon, is 360 feet below the Richmond station. 
* The level of the Richmond station on the B. & A. R. R., which is 1,050 feet above 
the sea, is taken as the plane of reference, the contours of that level being marked 0 on 
both the accompanying maps. 
