DAVIS: GLACIATION OF THE SAWATCH RANGE. 9 
spurs that led to the main summit, and our cairn and record were 
found there by members of Hayden’s party a year or two later. 
The descent to the valley camp was made in late afternoon and 
_ early evening, the latter part being a stumbling walk in the dark, 
through the trees that grew on the bouldery moraine at the moun- 
tain base. 
North of Twin Lakes the Arkansas has not been impelled to cut a 
gorge; indeed here the main valley floor seems to have been tem- 
porarily converted into a lake by the morainic barriers near Granite. 
While the train crosses the broad meadows of the valley floor one has 
an excellent view of Mts. Elbert and Massive. Elbert has two nor- 
mal valleys with graded hopper-like upper slopes that open like in- 
verted half-cones to the rounded crests of their enclosing spurs. 
One of these normal valleys lies a mile or two northwest of the village 
of Twin Lakes and is marked with many zigzag trails, cut by prospec- 
tors: we descended this valley after our ascent of the high spur of 
Elbert from which figure 1 was drawn. The normally graded slopes 
of the inverted half-cone or hopper were noted at the time to be dis- 
tinctly unlike the steepened and ungraded head cliffs of one of the 
small cirques that we had looked into from the rounded spur crest 
above it. The same contrast was recognized in the more distant 
view from the train, when the normal valleys in the northeast and 
southeast parts of the Elbert mass were clearly distinguished from 
the four cirque-headed valleys between them. At the same time the 
contrast between the sharpened peak of La Plata and the still 
rounded dome of Mt. Elbert was in mind, as one of the striking 
contrasts of glacial and normal erosion. Mt. Massive (14,424’), 
next north of Elbert, has at least six cirques on its eastern side. The 
distinctness of these features and the certainty with which they may 
be recognized as differing from valleys of normal sculpture, even at 
a distance of ten or twenty miles from a passing train, recalled my 
experience in the Tian Shan mountains a year earlier. On that 
journey cirques were recognized and sketched through field glasses 
at a distance of 30 or 40 miles. 
It should be stated that the Leadville topographical map sheet 
of the U. S. Geological Survey, on a scale of 125,000, and with 
contours every 100 feet on the mountains, does little justice to the 
forms here described. The hanging lateral valley of Crystal lake 
gulch is shown by the contours to be only 300 feet, instead of 800 
feet, over the floor of Lake creek trough. The truncation of the spurs, 
shown in figure 3, is poorly rendered on the map. The spurs about 
