74 BULLETIN OF THE 
end of a nascent branch is carried away to the oral side of the “mother 
polypide,” and lays the foundations of another polypide. In like man- 
ner the embryonic tissue around the “mother polypide ” may give rise 
to one or several additional embryonic masses. He has also (pp. 29- 
32) shown in the most convineing way that each mass, particularly in 
the case of secondary buds, consists of two parts, of which one goes to 
form the polypide ; the other contributes to the further growth of the 
common cystid and the formation of new embryonic masses. Since 
here every embryonic mass is in intimate relation with a polypide, and 
since the polypides arise nearly in one plane, only secondarily moving 
out from it, the relation of individuals may be expressed by a formula 
occupying a single line. Braem has thus expressed it: — 
ofall I nl 
(2) Del Be BBA 
According to the system adopted for Paludicella, this may be given 
thus : — 
(8) *a xa xb *A a *B %0% 
or, more developed, thus : — 
(4) *a, xa *B xa xa xb xc «A xa xa xb xB xax O ¥D % 
in both of which the right hand asterisk (%) takes the place of the A at 
the right of Braem’s diagram. These symbols denote that we have a 
mass of indifferent tissue connected with each polypide, or the Anlage of 
such ; and this indifferent mass, as well as the adjacent polypide, was 
derived from some other indifferent mass. Thus the masses connected 
with A, B, C, D are to be regarded as having been cut off from the em- 
bryonic mass at the extreme right ; and each of these secondarily gives 
rise to the polypide buds a, b, etc., and their embryonic tissue. Thus 
we have to do with centrifugal budding only. 
In Cristatella the conditions are essentially similar to those in Pluma- 
tella, the chief difference being that usually only two polypides with 
their embryonic masses arise from each polypide. ‘This condition may 
be represented by the formula : — 
(5) *a, *a *B xa xa xb [*]A a *a-%b [*]B [$] 
in which the embryonic masses originally attached to A, B, etc., are 
bracketed to indicate that they are normally no longer active in giving 
