222 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
The original Tupi name appears to have been Parand-buc, meaning the sea 
breaks, referring to the surf breaking on the reef. See O Tupi na geo- 
дгарма nacional. Por Theodoro Sampaio, p. 52 and 146. S. Paulo, 1901. 
Roussin, Le Baron. Le pilote du Brésil, ou description des cótes de 
l'Amérique Méridionale. Paris, 1827. 
Speaking of the coast between Sta. Catherina and Maranháo (p. 34), 
Roussin says it is skirted its whole length, except at certain intervals, 
by two lines of shoals (enveloppée de deux ceintures de hauts-fonds). 
The inner one of these fringes the shore with its rocks, especially from 
Cape Frio to Maranhäo, “often at sea level, sometimes rising above it 
from one to ten feet, more commonly submerged.” He states that by 
breaks in this reef almost all the ports of the coast are formed. А 
partial list of those believed to be so formed is given (р. 34). The 
theory advanced by this writer to explain the reefs is that they are due 
“in part to the heavy surf.” He conceived that the waves charged 
with the debris of the shore were thrown back upon themselves (p. 35) ; 
“but this movement of repulsion cannot fail to be counteracted by the 
contrary pressure of the ocean mass; and there must result a sort of 
stagnation of the waters at a certain distance from the coast and the 
materials brought away must be deposited at this point of repose.” He 
adds in a footnote that this explanation does not apply to the uncovered 
rocks, but to the shoals connecting them. 
He mentions several of the stone reefs of the coast, but gives no 
specific information except such as might be useful to sailing masters. 
Saint-Adolphe, J. С. R. Milliet de. Diccionario geographico historico 
e descriptivo do Imperio do Brazil. . . . Por J. C. В. Milliet de Saint- 
Adolphe e transladada, . . . pelo Dr. Caetano Lopes de Moura. 
Tomo П. Paris, 1845, p. 292. 
“ All of Brazil, like the province” (of Pernambuco), “is protected from 
the waves of the sea by a natural wall of reefs broken here and there to 
give passage to the streams, from the city of Bahia to the ponta de 
Touros in the province of Rio Grande do Norte.” This writer mentions 
several reefs in front of certain ports along the coast, but there is 
nothing to show the nature of them. 
Serres, Marcel de. Sur les coquilles pétrifiées des environs de Bahia. 
Compt. Rend. 1854, ХХХУП., p. 362-363. 
A short note referring to the views of Spix and Martius upon the 
Bahia reef sandstone. He thinks that those authors overlooked the 
fact that the shells in the Bahia rocks show that their petrifaction has 
taken place in our own day. 
