BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. AL 
V. 
The Elevation and Depression of the Northeast Coast of 
Brazil. 
PAGR PAGE 
Changes of the reefs within his- Rios tinpadlon. = оле, 196, 
toric times . . 111 Choked embayments . . . 187 
Changes within recent ‘geologic Depressed valleys . . . . 189 
periods . . 118 The case of Rio Säo Fran- 
Views of former writers . с Ne en 
Schistose structure of reef ML seco ри 0s 0 104 
rocks . . 3 0 MU Off-shote clays . . . +. + 144 
Dip of the reef rocks d Pop TI Buried rock-channels . . . 145 
Reef rocks above high tide . 120 Additional views of depres- 
Lakes near the coast . . . 121 Во ace © 400 
Fixed dunes of the coast. . 121 Evidences of elevation о 1 
Islands joined to mainland . 122 Elevated sea beaches . . . 148 
Straightening of the coast- Elevated sea-urchin burrows 159 
line . . 124 Death and decay of the coral 
Comparative effects of ele- reefs. . + . 159 
vation and depression . . 125 Time relations of the elevations 
Effects of elevation. . . . 125 and depressions . . + 104 
Effects of depression . . . 125 Influence of the coral reefs . 164 
Forms on a stationary coast 127 Influences of the mangues, 
Application to Brazil . . . . 127 һу им ‚ «07 
Evidences of depression. . . 127 Origin of the coast sands Gr 
Open bays as curvy 128 Conclusions regarding ^ coast 
ОБРА н Ий СОВ слез оу LOU 
CHANGES or THE REEFS WITHIN Historic TIMES. 
There are, perhaps, but few coasts of considerable length on which 
there are not evidences of both elevation and depression. Along the 
west coast of North America, for example, wave-cut terraces upon the 
slopes of the hills and mountains near the coast show that there have 
been several recent elevations of the land, while well-defined submerged 
valleys," the distribution of the fish faunas in fresh-water streams, 
and the relations of fauna and flora of the islands off the coast to those 
of the mainland show that there have also been recent depressions. 
Observations of others. — Humboldt and Darwin show that there has 
been a recent elevation of the northern end of the South American con- 
1 George Davidson. The submerged valleys of the coast of California, U. S. A., 
and of Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., Vol. I., p. 71-108, 
and plates. San Francisco, June, 1897. 
