MAYER: ‘COLOR AND COLOR-PATTERNS. 207 
the rufous and yellow have become transparent. The middle and 
outer yellow areas have also fused into a large transparent patch, 
Ithomia sao (Fig. 52, Plate 4) is another good example of the 
Ithomia type. In this particular species the “inner black ” of the 
fore wing is absent, and the *middle black band " of the hind wing 
has disappeared. When we come to consider the other Ithomias, 
we shall find that in this genus it has probably fused with the 
marginal blaek of the hind wing. 
I have made a record of the color-variations that affect the 
various charaeteristie areas just considered, and have recorded them 
for every one of the species of the Danaoid and Acraeoid Heliconidae 
known to me. As these records are too extensive for convenient 
inspeetion, I have condensed the results, and they will be found 
in Tables 1-27 inclusive. Thus, Table 1 gives the variations in 
, 
color of the “inner rufous” area of the fore wing for each genus 
of the Danaoid Heliconidae ; Table 2 records the variations of the 
“inner black“; Table 3 the “inner yellow” area, etc. In Table 1 
we find, for example, opposite the genus Ituna, the number 2 in the 
column labeled “transparent.” This indieates that in two species of 
, 
Ituna the “ inner rufous” area is transparent, 
In order to facilitate the study of the color-patterns Dr. Daven- 
port suggested that I make use of the ingenious projection method 
invented by Keeler (93). This method consists in “squaring the 
wing“ in the manner shown in Figs. 4 and 5 (Plate 1). In Fig. 4 
the large reetangle (A, B, C, D) just at the right of the figure of the 
hind wing represents a kind of. Mereator's projection of the wing 
itself, The nervures 1°, 15», 2, 3, ete, are represented by the 
vertical lines 1°, 15, 2, 3, etc., on the rectangle A, B, C, D. In cells 
I, I^, and le, (bounded by nervures 1*, 1^, and 2,) one finds a 
sinuous line winding across the middle of the cell. This line 
appears in the same relative position upon the rectangle A, B, C, D. 
The same is true of the eye-spot found in the cell bounded by 
nervures 2 and 3, and of all the other markings of the wings. 
The central cell of the wing itself is shown projected in the dotted 
rectangle E, F, G, IH. 
In the case of the fore wing (Fig. 5), the central cell of the wing 
is dotted, and is shown projected upon the similarly dotted area 
within the reetangle I, J, K, L. In other respects the method of 
projection is the same as in the ease of the hind wing. 
In this manner the colors displayed by various species of. Danaoid 
