BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 108 
The following localities I have not seen, but they are mentioned by 
Hartt:* A bit of consolidated beach of “ quartz sand cemented by car- 
bonate of lime” just south of Guarapary, State of Espirito Santo (р. 69). 
At Barra Secca, about fifty kilometres north of the mouth of Rio 
Doce, there is a similar sandstone uncovered at low tide (p. 107). 
At As Pedras, Espirito Santo, there is a similar sandstone on the 
beach (p. 114). “The sandstone is exceedingly hard. Two sets of 
Joints — one parallel with the beach line, the other at right angles to it 
— divide it into great blocks, which, in those spots where they have been 
undermined by the surf, lie upset and in confusion along the edge of the 
reef. Along these joints the rock is harder than between them, so that 
when the surface of a block is exposed to the action of the sea, the edges 
wear less rapidly than the middle, and the cracks seen on a worn surface 
are oftentimes bordered by narrow ridges. . . . The waves beat terribly 
against the reef, and it is badly broken up.” 
1 Ch. Fred Hartt, Geology and physical geography of Brazil. Boston, 1870, 
