MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 125 
formed, the scales bear upon their outer surface numerous slender coni- 
cal spines or teeth. These were first described by Reissner (’59, p. 260). 
They stand up from the surface not quite perpendicularly, but have a 
slight inclination toward the tail (Plate I. Fig. 7, and Plate IV. Figs. 26, 
28). They are transient structures, which frequently leave no trace 
of their existence in the adult scale. They begin to be formed when the 
scale is still comparatively thin (75-100 y), and like it they owe their 
origin to the cells of the outer or scleroblastic layer of the dermis from 
which they are principally formed. 
The first step in the formation of a spine is an increase in the number 
of the cells lying upon the upper surface of the scale just under the 
basement membrane. A thickening is thus formed which rises up 
against the base of the epidermis in the form of a papilla (Plate I. Fig. 5). 
The basal layer of epidermal cells becomes arched over it, and the co- 
lumnar character of the cells much more pronounced. The papilla 
increases in height rapidly, pushing forward into the epidermis, with its 
point directed slightly caudad, but remaining at its base little if any 
larger than at first. The cells of which it is composed are the same in 
character as those overlying the scale; in the axis of the papilla they 
are crowded together without any definite arrangement, but at its periph- 
ery, where they adjoin the basement membrane which separates them 
from the epidermis, there is perceptible a certain degree of regularity in 
the arrangement of the nuclei; they lie rather closely appressed, being 
elongated radially to the axis of the cone. 
After the papilla has attained a considerable height there appears 
upon its tip a thin crust of calcareous matter secreted by its cells; this 
gradually extends down over the sides, forming a conical cap (Plate IT. 
Fig. 10), which is pushed forward by growth from below as the papilla 
increases in height. In the early stages of its formation, the papilla 
merely indents the lower surface of the epidermis, but as the point of 
the spine is pushed forward it causes a swelling upon the outer surface 
of that layer (Plate I. Figs. 5, 6). At the same time that this is taking 
place the thickness of the spine cap is being increased by the addition 
of new material from within. By the continuation of these processes 
the point of the spine is made to pierce the epidermis and so lie free to 
the exterior, while the basal end joins the scale already formed below. 
There is no joint or hinge of any kind at the place where the two 
unite, but the material of the spine is directly continuous with that of 
the outer part of the scale. The cells of the papilla are thus entirely 
shut off from the other seleroblastic cells which lie over the outer sur- 
