BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 115 
São Miguel on the coast of Alagóas, but he gives no description of 
them.! 
Gabriel Soares de Souza, who lived in Brazil from 1570 to 1587, gives 
the earliest statements regarding the nature and extent of the reefs, 
though he makes no distinction between stone reefs and coral reefs. 
He notes, however, that the reef at Bahia was covered at high tide. 
There can be no doubt that he refers in this cage to the sandstone reefs, 
for he says that the rock was used for building purposes in the city of 
Bahia, — а fact to which many of the old houses still bear witness, Не 
also says that the reef rock is made of sand, and that it often contains 
oyster and other shells: and pebbles. 
In 1625 Purchas speaks of the reefs at “ Fernambuquo " as “ Clifts 
as if it were made by Bricklayers, no higher in one place than in 
another, but all euen.” ? 
The cuts of the Pernambuco reef reproduced by Varnhagem were first 
printed in 1630,* and appeared also in the original of Dapper’s “ Die 
Unbekante Neue Welt,” in 1671.5 
Joannes de Laet, one of the directors of the West India Company, 
who lived at Pernambuco from 1630 to 1636, published a map show- 
ing the reefs south of Cape Santo Agostinho and at Rio Grande do 
Norte. 
1 Diaro da Navegação da armada que foi a terra do Brazil em 1530 sob a capi- 
tania-mor de Martim Affonso de Souza. Escripto por seu irmão Pero Lopes de 
Souza, p. 14-15. Lisböa, 1839. 
? Noticia do Brazil. Published anonymously at Lisbon in 1825 by the Academia 
Real das Sciences as Vol. IIL, Pt. L, of the “ Collecgáo de Noticias para a historia,” 
ete, 
Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587. Por Gabriel Soares de Souza. Revista 
do Instituto Historico e Geographico do Brazil, 1851, XIV., p. 25, 27, 81, 33, 854. 
3 Purchas, his pilgrimes, in five bookes. Vol. IV., Chap. VIL, р. 1238. London, 
1625, 
* Historia geral do Brazil. Pelo Visconde de Porto Seguro, 2a. ed., Vol. І. opp. 
р. 852 and 504. Rio de Janeiro (circa 1875). 
5 Dr. O. D(apper). Die Unbekante Neue Welt. Amsterdam, 1678. The orig- 
inal was written in Dutch by Arnoldus Montanus, and was published at Amster- 
dam in 1671. When translated into German, the book was ascribed to Dr. O. D. 
(Dr. O. Dapper) in whose collection it appeared. See bibliographical and histori- 
Cal essay on the Dutch books and pamphlets relating to New Netherland. By 
E. M. Asher. Amsterdam, 1854-67, р. 23; also Les Hollandais au Bresil. Par 
Р. М. Netscher, р. xvii. La Haye, 1858. 
° Historie ofte Iaerlijok Verhael van de Verrichtigen der Geoctroyeerde West 
Indische Compagnie Zedert haer Vegin tot het eynde van't jaer 1686. Leyden, 
1644, 
