DAVIS: GLACIATION OF THE SAWATCH RANGE. 11 
this feature the location of the road recalls that of the Canadian 
Pacific in its ascent to Rogers pass; in that case there are to be sure 
some formidable ravines to bridge over, yet their depth is small com- 
pared to that of the great trough valley into which the streams plunge 
down, and along whose side the railroad ascends to the pass. 
After running through the tunnel the train comes out upon the 
broad floor of a high-level valley, which descends westward. After 
a short distance the floor of the valley suddenly drops at “Hell- 
gate,’ and a deep rock-walled trough opens abruptly far below the 
track. This seems to be an example of what the Swiss glacialists 
now call the “trough head,” above which the cirque floor broadens 
out to the cliffs that rise to the sharpened ridges and peaks. Con- 
tinuing westward the road descends along the north wall of the 
deep trough and soon comes to a remarkably well-formed lateral mo- 
raine, by which some small meadows are enclosed against the ap- 
parently unglaciated mountain slope, high above the bottom of the 
trough. Hereabouts a larger valley, seemingly the main trough of 
this glacial system, comes from the southeast and receives in some- 
what hanging fashion the trough we have been following. A little 
farther on the railroad loops back eastward around a sharp curve on 
the north side of the main trough. A mile or more eastward on 
the loop the road enters what I took to be the lower part of the branch 
‘trough below Hellgate, there to loop again and descend westward 
into the larger main trough. Soon a remarkably well-defined hang- 
ing valley is seen coming in from the southeast on the southern 
side of the main trough; two sharp moraines lie around its mouth, 
one within the other, on the walls of the main trough; the stream 
that falls from the hanging valley is cutting a narrow ravine in the 
main trough wall. The floor of the main trough is broadly opened 
here; a few miles farther down the valley, westward, it is distinctly 
narrower; but nightfall here came on and made it impossible to 
determine the details of this change of form. 
It is recognized that notes such as are given in the preceding para- 
graphs, based on hurried records made in a passing train, cannot have 
great value; but inasmuch as they give more information about the 
well-developed glacial features on Mts. Elbert and Massive than can 
be found elsewhere, they are allowed a place here, partly in the hope 
that they may lead to the selection of the Hegerman pass district for 
careful study by some specialist in the study of mountain sculpture by 
normal and by glacial agencies. 
