BRANNER: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 101 
in places on the beach itself, This reef is broken at the mouth of Rio 
Camorupim. I was told by persons living near Rio Pirangy that this 
reef continues to the north of the Camorupim nearly to Tabatinga. I 
was also shown blocks of stone said to have been taken from this reef. 
The rock is the recent reef sandstone containing the characteristic 
fossils. 
São Miguel, Alagóas. — Pedro Antonio dos Santos of Porto de Pedras, 
State of Alagóas, is one of the few men I have met who has distin- 
guished between the coral and the sandstone reefs of this coast. He 
informs me that there is a reef of sandstone across the mouth of the Rio 
de Sáo Miguel twenty-four kilometres south of Maceio. 
Ltheos. — At Theos, State of Bahia, is a reef on the beach south of 
the Morro de Pernambuco which appears to be of sandstone. It laps 
against the crystalline rocks of the hill at its northern end, and extends 
down the beach for a kilometre or more, lying in front of the low 
lands of Pontal and across the mouth of the river, (See illustration 
on p. 154.) 
Miscellaneous localities. — On the trip down the beach from Pernam- 
buco to Maceio at several places besides those already mentioned the 
beach sands were found more or less lithified. The most of these are 
here specified. 
At Candeias, sixteen kilometres south of the Pernambuco lighthouse, 
there is a soft sandstone exposed on the beach for about three hundred 
metres. It is evenly bedded, very calcareous, and so soft that the ham- 
mer sinks in it. Worm or molluscan borings made in these sands while 
soft are enough harder than the rest of the material to be loft, on being 
washed by the surf, looking like roots penetrating the beds, These soft 
rocks are all within reach of the highest tides. 
A little further south at the Barra das Jangadas, where the stream 
enters the sea, a soft calcareous sandstone is exposed by the eneroach- 
ment of the stream on its northern bank. A kilometre further up this 
Stream on its north bank the light brown sands are partly hardened. 
These beds also have the molluscan tubes crossing them. 
Pedras Pretas is a small cape just north of Cape Santo Agostinho and 
thirty kilometres south of Pernambuco. In the curve of the shore north 
of the point there is a soft sandstone on the beach. It stands half a 
metre and less above the sands, is from five to ten metres wide, and three 
hundred metres long. 
It dips with the beach 5°, 7°, and 8% The sandstone is not coarse, 
and it contains but few shells; there are some red iron cemented 
