October 15, 190S] 



NATURE 



625 



The paper gives an account of observations made on 

 tile liabits of Anaspides in its natural state, the most 

 important points being its method of running with the 

 body held straight, and the deposition by the female of 

 the fertilised eggs under stones and weeds. An account 

 is also given ol the internal anatomy, certain characters, 

 e.g. the structure of the heart and of the filiform 

 spermatozoa, suggesting affinity with the Mysidacea, while 

 others tend towards the Decapoda, thus showing the 

 ar(inial to be the most generalised malacostracan known. 

 Almember of a new genus, Paranaspides, is also described, 

 which was found in great numbers in the Great Lalie of 

 "Tasmania; this animal, which bears a strong superficial 

 ^ikeness to Mysis, is transparent, and leads more of a 

 swimming life than Anaspides, which it resembles in 

 isTTlial structure, though not at all in appearance. The 

 jfier members of the rich crustacean fauna of the Great 

 jke are referred to, and reasons are given for deriving 

 !,• '\ fauna from the lost Antarctic continent. 



y^eceived .August 25. — " Further Results of the Experi- 

 r *ntal Treatment of Trypanosomiasis : being a Progress 

 pieport to a Committee of the Royal Society." By H. G. 

 FMimmer and Captain H. R. Batennan. 



. The following results are a continuation of the work 

 ./of which summaries have already appeared in the Pro- 

 ceedings of the Royal Society (B, vol. Ixxi.x., 1907, pp. 

 505-16, and B, vol. Ixx.x., igoS, pp. i— 12) and in Nature 

 (October 10, 1907, vol. Ixxvi., p. 607, and January 9, 

 vol. Ixxvii., p. 238). The experiments have been carried 

 <.)ut with the same strains of nagana and surra as were 

 used before, the average duration of untreated diseases 

 being 5-5 and 69 days respectively. 



7. — Nagana Rats treated with Atoxyi atid Succinitriidc of 

 Mercury. — Of these rats two lived more than 300 days, 

 four lived more than 200 days, five lived more than 100 

 (lays, imd six more than 50 days. None of the above 

 died with any of the signs of nagana. Of the twentv-one 

 rats tabulated only one died from trypanosomiasis, and this 

 one was probably atoxyl-proof. One of these, which was 

 apparently cured, was used on the 147th day after inocuUt- 

 I ion for re-inoculation, with the view of ascertaining if any 

 immunity had been conferred. This was found not to be 

 Ihe case. 



II. — Nagana and Surra Rats treated -uith .'Uo.xyl and 

 Mercury Sozoiodol. — One rat lived more than 200 days, one 

 more than 100 days, and two more than 50 days, none of 

 them dying from trypanosomiasis. 



III. — Xagana and Surra Rats treated with .Sodium .■\nti- 

 nionyl Tartrate. — Nine of these rats lived for more than 200 

 days, and nine others considerably more than 100 davs. Of 

 those which have died only four have had recurrences, none 

 of them died with any symptoms of trypanosomiasis, and in 

 none were trypanosomes found after death. .An emulsion 

 of the liver and of the bone-marrow was injected into other 

 rats in five cases, with negative results in each case. 



IV. — Further experiments. — (A) Nagana Rats treated 

 with Large Doses of Sodium :]ntinionvl Tartrate. — The 

 results obtained showed that pushing the drug does not 

 have any good efect ; the trypanosomes are not driven out 

 more quickly, or more effectually ; recurrences are more 

 common, and inflammatory intestinal lesions were present 

 in nearly every case. Two rats died with living trypano- 

 somes in the blood : these two had become antimony-proof, 

 as the later doses did not remove the trypanosomes from 

 the blood, nor make any difference in their number. 



(B) Rats treated it'ith Sodium .[ntimonyl Tartrate after 

 Inoculation with Atoxyl-proof Trypanosomes. — It w-as found 

 that the atoxyl-proof strains of trypanosomes are less 

 influenced by antimony than are the ordinary variety, as 

 three rats had living trypanosomes in the blood at death, 

 and seven died at a very cj:rly date. 



(C) I\ats treated wifli Sodium .Intimonyl Tartrate and 

 .Antimony (Metal) suspended in a Fatty Mediu)n. — In order 

 to make the use of antimony practicable in the form of 

 injection, a series of experiments was undertaken, using 

 various other media than water for solution or suspension 

 of the antimony salt. Finally, the medium Colonel Lamb- 

 kin devised, consisting of palmitin and antiseptics, which 

 is used very largely for the intramuscular iniection of 

 mercury, was tried, and found practical. One great advan- 



NO. 203,3, VOL. 78] 



tage of these preparations is that they can be used upon 

 man with far less difliculties and after-consequences than 

 the watery solutions, which seem to be impracticable ; this 

 is of importance should antimony be found of use in human 

 trypanosomiasis. 



Of thirteen nagana and surra rats treated with a 5 per 

 cent, suspension of sodium antimonyl tartrate, two have 

 lived more than 100 days, each having had only one dose, 

 three lived more than 50 days, and none have died froni 

 trypanosomiasis. 



The administration of the metal itself in a state of very 

 fine division has a considerable effect on the trypanosomes ; 

 it has a distinctly better effect on surra than upon nagana, 

 five surra rats out of sixteen being alive more than 200 days 

 after inoculation, and four others having lived for a long 

 time. In none of the surra rats were trypanosomes found 

 at death, whereas in three of the nagana rats they were 

 present. The metal is much more irritating than the tar- 

 trate, but the effect is in most cases more prolonged ; this- 

 is probably due to the fact that the absorption of the 

 metal is much slower. Further, the smaller doses would 

 appear to be the most efficient. 



(D) -Antimony (metal) and sodium antimonyl tartrate 

 were given before inoculation to test their effects upon the 

 development of the disease ; and the metal was found to 

 be far more effective in dela}'ing the appearance of the 

 trypanosomes in the blood than the salt ; this is probably 

 due to its slower elimination. One dose of the metal given 

 the day before inoculation delayed the appearance of the 

 trypanosomes until the eleventh day. 



(E) Rats treated ZL'ith Lithium Antimonyl Tartrate. — 

 There are differences in the effects produced by the potas- 

 sium, sodium, and lithium antimonyl tartrates, if given 

 under similar conditions and dosage. The sodium salt 

 contains, roughly, about 2 per cent, more antimony than 

 the potassium salt, and the lithium salt contains about 

 2 per cent, more than the sodium ; but the doses of the 

 lithium salt have to be much smaller than the corresponding 

 doses of the sodium salt. When the watery solution is 

 injected intramuscularly, it has not caused necrosis of the 

 tissues in rats, but subcutaneously it has occasionally done 

 so. The best strength of solution for rats is 0-25 per 

 cent., and of this 05 c.c. has been given for a dose. Out 

 of twelve rals five are alive and well at periods varying 

 from 125 to 134 days. This salt is much more soluble than 

 either the potassium or sodium compound, which may, 

 perhaps, as well as its greater antimony content, account 

 for its greater effectiveness. 



(F) Experiments with Antimony upon Dogs. — In order to 

 see what the effects of antimony would be on the larger 

 and more important animals when suffering from trypanoso- 

 miasis, a series of experiments on dogs has been begun. 

 The trypanosome used was that of surra, which kills 

 dogs of about 20 lbs. in weight in approximately 14 days, 

 as this is the trypanosome which is of practical importance 

 with regard to dogs. Five dogs were treated at first with 

 the suspensions mentioned under C, but we have found, 

 since trying the lithium antimonyl tartrate, that this acts 

 more effectually and with less irritation than the creams, 

 whether of metal or salt. .All the animals are in good 

 condition and are gaining in weight, three at 62 days and 

 two at 53 days after inoculation. 



(G) Experiments made with Rats treated with .intimony, 

 in order to find out in what Organs the Irypanosomes are 

 latent. — Eleven rats were inoculated with nagana, which 

 is less affected by antimony than surra, and were all treated 

 with four doses of sodium antimonyl tartrate. The rats 

 were killed at various intervals, and the organs selected 

 (the liver and bone-marrow) were made into an emulsion 

 with a minimum quantity of 0-75 per cent, salt-solution, 

 and injected into other rats in doses of i c.c. ; the same 

 dose of blood from the heart was also given. In four the 

 results were entirely negative ; in three trypanosomes were 

 found in the liver, and in six in the bone-marrow. It 

 would appear that the bone-marrow is the place where the 

 trypanosomes can live longest, and that the liver is also a 

 place where they can find protection. This is borne out by 

 some experiments we have made upon trypanosomiasis in 

 birds, in which cultivations of trypanosomes can often be 

 made from the bone-marrow when they cannot be made 

 either from the organs or the blood. The doses given to 



