﻿1903] UPLAND PLANT SOCIETLES 39 



ready for the plow, and this information has been of great ser- 

 vice in some instances. 



The vegetation of the area falls naturally into two groups, 

 that growing on what is commonly termed dry ground and that 

 found in moist or swampy places. Each of these groups can be 

 separated into several societies, which often merge gradually 

 into one another, so that in some localities it appears that there 

 is a mixture of several of them. But in general the division 

 is sufficiently well marked. In the present paper attention will 

 be confined to the upland group. 5 



THE PLANT SOCIETIES. 



I. Classification, — The vegetation of the upland falls into 

 five societies, which may be characterized as follows: 



I. Beech-maple society, comprising as predominant and charac- 

 teristic the following plants : beech, sugar maple, enchanter's 

 nightshade (Circaea), wild licorice {^Galiiun lanceolatiim), wood 



nettle (Laportea) , catnip (Nepeta), pokeweed (Phytolacca), 



richweed (Pilea), nightshade {Solaymm nigrum), and red-berried 



eld 



er. 



IL Maple -elm- agrimony society, comprising sugar maple, 

 American and rock elms, agrimony, spikenard {Aralia race7nosa) , 

 honewort (Cryptotaenia), spice-bush (Lindera), moonseed 

 (Menispermum), black snake-root (Sanicula), and wild black 



c 



herry. 

 III. 



(0 



cus rubra coccinea) , shag-bark and pig-nut hickory, false Solo- 

 mon's seal {^Smilacina racemosa), northern bedstraw [Galium 

 ^oreale), Aster laevis, and panicled cornel. This society is much 

 the same as the following, but with the addition of the two 

 hickories. It also has many plants in common with the previous 

 society, and may be regarded as an intermediate type between 

 II and IV, both of which are much more distinct. Owing to the 

 difificulty of distinguishing sharply between Quercus cocci?iea and 

 Q. rubra, these two forms have been brought together under the 

 name Q. rubra coccinea. 



5 The study of the lowlands was not thorough. The reader will find a general 

 statement of the lowland conditions in the previously published account, loc, ciL 



