26 PROFESSOR OWEN ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF 
being sometimes, as in the skeleton figured in Pl. XII., of more than twice the breadth 
of that in the Human subject : the Chimpanzee retains more of the human proportions 
in its sternum than does the Gorilla. But the sternum shows a marked difference of 
breadth in the few adult individuals of the Gorilla already acquired, as may be seen by 
comparing the skeleton of the male figured by Du Chaillu’, with that of the skeleton 
photographed by Fenton, and figured in Plates XII. and XIII. fig. 2. 
In Plate IX. are figured, of the natural size (figs. 1 and 2), the manubrium sterni of the 
young adult male Gorilla in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London 
(No. 5178, Osteological Series), with that (figs. 2 & 3) of the Chimpanzee and that 
of a European (figs. 5& 6). Figures of the first pair of ribs, articulated with the manu- 
brium, are also given, showing the more regular curve of that rib in Man. 
The great length of the cervical spines and depth of the jaw tend to obliterate the ap- 
pearance of a neck in the skeleton of the Gorilla, whilst the inclusion of the last two 
lumbar vertebre by the iliac bones and the development of the ribs of the first lumbar 
reduce the length of the loins. The sacrum (Pl. XII. fig. 2, 5, 55), through this reduction, 
appears to be longer, as it is, actually, narrower, than in Man; but nearly the same 
proportion of the Gorilla’s sacrum, truly homologous with the human (ib. s 1,4), projects 
free from the embrace of the iliacs as in Man. 
The sacrum of the not quite adult male Gorilla, figured in pl. xxxvi. fig. 1, ‘ Zool. 
Trans,’ vol. iv., included only the five vertebrze answering to those forming the human 
sacrum ; but the last lumbar vertebra of that Gorilla had become united, at the periphery 
of its centrum, with the first true sacral (fig. 2), and would soon have coalesced there- 
with, as in the sacrum of the old male Chimpanzee figured in the same Plate (fig. 3), 
and in that of the old male skeleton of the Gorilla in the British Museum, figured in 
Pl. XII. of the present memoir. 
The lower limbs, measured from the head of the femur to the under surface of the 
calcaneum, rather exceed in length that of the head and trunk together in Man ; in the 
Gorilla they are nearly one foot shorter. 
Man, 5 feet 9 inches. Gorilla, 5 feet 6 inches. 
feet. inches. feet. inches. 
Length of head andtrunk . . 3 0 3 5 
a lower limbs ie 2 6 
The shorter lower limb of the Gorilla is terminated by a longer foot than in Man ; 
the bony frame of that part measures 12 inches in length in the Gorilla, and 93 inches in 
the human skeleton compared. The bony hand of the Gorilla is 10 inches in length, 
in the Man it is 7% inches. 
Other differences between the Human and Gorillan skeletons have been noted in the 
special descriptions of the bones, and their signification in reference to the transmutative 
* Op. cit. p. 370. * In the skeleton of the Irish Giant the length of the lower limb is 4 feet. 
