172 VISCOUNT WALDEN ON THE BIRDS 
frontal band, a very broad superciliary stripe, and the throat pure white; the inner 
webs of the basal parts of the primaries white underneath, which shows through on the 
upper surface of the quills at their insertion, almost forming a white, yet concealed, 
alar bar; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white. 
L. cristatus, L., has the head, nape, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, but 
less bright and browner than in Z. superciliosus. ‘The back is coloured with the same 
tint, but paler or less rufous. The chin and upper part of the throat are white; but 
the tawny hue of the breast extends higher up than in either LZ. superciliosus or in 
L. lucionensis; and all the throat is usually washed with tawny. 
The white frontal band is narrow and ill defined; and the white supercilium is much 
less prominent than in L. superciliosus. ‘The quills at their insertions show indications, 
although slight, of a rudimentary alar bar. The shoulder-edge and under shoulder- 
coverts are tawny. ‘The female is coloured as the male, but has the subocular stripe 
brown and not black, and the sides of the breast and flanks more or less striated and 
freckled with faint brown marks. 
L. lucionensis, L., has the forehead and crown delicate pale pearl-grey, no pure white 
whatever on the forehead. A narrow white supercilium commences above the eye, 
becoming somewhat broader behind, and shading off into the grey of the head, ‘The 
occiput, nape, and back are ashy liver-brown. The rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
are washed with rufous, most marked on the upper tail-coverts; the chin and throat 
pure white, as in L. superciliosus; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure 
white; indications of a concealed white alar bar, as in L. cristatus; and the female has 
the sexual distinguishing characters of that species’. The almost entire absence of 
rufous in the plumage of the adult Philippine species suffices to distinguish it at a 
glance from L. cristatus and L. superciliosus. 
I append the wing- and tail-dimensions of a few examples from different localities, 
from which it will be seen that no certain characters can be deduced from them. 
The changes and phases of plumage these three species pass through before arriving 
at maturity have yet to be investigated; and many hundreds of individuals will have to 
be compared before any satisfactory result can be expected. In one place I find that 
immature examples of L. superciliosus and L. lucionensis have the entire under surface 
pure white. Then there is that phase in which the upper surface of L. cristatus and of 
I. superciliosus is ashy, dark in the first, light in the other. A Malaccan example of 
L. superciliosus above so closely resembles L. lucionensis that there would be great 
doubt as to its distinctness, were it not that two of the tertiaries were edged with bright 
rufous; this individual has the whole lower surface pure white. 
A Ceylon example, at first sight, seen from above, might easily be mistaken for the 
Philippine species, were it not for its ruddy rectrices and rufous-tinged forehead and the 
absence of grey on the head. 
‘T have not met with an authentic example of L. superciliosus 2. 
