PROF. W. K. PARKER ON AGITHOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 315 
Thus this genus is very interesting as leading upwards towards the typical forms. In 
this macerated specimen, the septo-maxillaries have evidently been lost ; for the angle of 
the alinasal turbinal has been removed. 
The second arch has its hinder segment less, and its fore segment more typical than 
in Thamnophilus. 
The epipterygoid is feeble; and the rest of the bone (fig. 6, pq) is like that of Pipra 
(Plate LVII. fig. 1, py), short and straight; but it is thicker and coarser. 
The mesopterygoid element has coalesced with the palatine, leaving the pterygoid 
itself free. The postpalatine keels (fig. 6, pt.pa) are deep, as in these low Coracomorphe 
generally ; and the broad part of the palatine is attached to the prepalatine region at 
right angles, so that the appearance is that of a pair of hatchets stuck into the basis 
faciei, opposite each other. The transpalatine portion (¢.pa) is a badly developed snag ; 
the interpalatine spurs (7.pa) are very small; and the two laminee end in front, one 
above the other, very nearly—the ethmo-palatine swelling out as in Thamnophilus, and 
passing a little in front of the interpalatine plate (Pl. LVL. fig. 7, e.pa). The prepalatine 
bar is very flat and broad in front; and the whole of this arch is stiff, coarse, and unty- 
pical. So also are these great flap-shaped maxillo-palatines (figs. 6 & 7, ma.p); broad- 
based, lathy; with a thickened inner edge, roundly notched for the vomerine joint, 
these ear-shaped processes are strong marks of inferiority of type. The zygomatic 
process of the maxillary is broad and flat proximally, and is thin and vertical where it 
becomes one with the jugal (7). 
The lateral ethmoidal region is quite Thamnophiline; but the pedate processus unci- 
natus of the thick pars plana is less marked. There is here, again, no lacrymal; and 
the Ist and 5th nerves pass through one wide, oval, very large cavity from the orbit to 
the nose: Menura, Pipra, Pachyrhamphus, Thamnophilus, Pitta, and Grallaria all agree 
in this character; and they do not agree by accident. This great open door will lessen, 
and be barred across, as we ascend. We have seen it to be so in the Rook. 
Example 8. Grallaria squamigera. 
Habitat. Andes of Columbia. Group “ Tracheophone,”’ Miller; subfamily ‘‘ Formi- 
cariidee.” 
In the palate of Grallaria, as compared with Pitta, two or three striking points of 
contrast are seen, modifying the great general harmony between the two, 
The whole structure is less stiff and clumsy; the palatines are better developed; the 
angle of the mouth is not so wide; and the nasal labyrinth, in front of the vomer, is 
much longer. There is still less ossification of the interior nasal structures than in Pitta; 
but that this does not affect the zoological or even the morphological height of the type 
is evident ; for in Thamnophilus below, and in the next higher than Grallaria, namely 
Artamus, ossification is intense, whilst in these two intermediate forms it is arrested. 
As compared with Pitta, this form has the same gallinaceous epipterygoid (fig. 8, epg), 
202 
