PROF. W. K. PARKER ON AGITHOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 317 
pterygoid; but they are greatly developed above by a mesopterygoid segment, larger 
than that of Pitta. 
So also we have in Grallaria slenderer prepalatine bars (pr.pa) and much more 
development of the transpalatine spike (¢.pa), which is here in a state very common in 
the higher Southern Coracomorphe. ‘The arrest of the lower spike of the palatine 
(interpalatine, 7.pa), the coil of the upper or ethmo-palatine (e.pa), and the narrowness 
of the band connecting these lamine with the outer edge, these are all pittine cha- 
racters; but this bond is oblique, and not transverse as in Pitta; in this, it agrees with 
the next and much higher type, namely Artamus. The elements of the upper jaw and 
zygoma are strongly soldered together; and from the maxillary region there grow 
struthious maxillo-palatines (ma.p), exactly like those of Pitta. 
The nerve-passage above the antorbital is narrower than in Pitta; and the plate itself 
is thinner and more produced at its angle (fig. 8, p.p); but there is no sign of either 
a lacrymal or an “os uncinatum.” 
On the whole, the cranio-facial differences seen in these two types, whose habitat is 
so far apart, merely bespeak a subgeneric distinction. Close to the Struthionide in 
certain respects, in others they have made a stride past the lower Coracomorphe gene- 
rally. That the lower struthious characters are due to arrest at a stage which corresponds 
to the end of the second third of ineubation in the true Crows (Corvus) and in the Fowl, 
does not affect the relationship of these birds to some lost forms of the “ Ratitz.” 
Example 9. Artamus leucorhinus. 
Habitat. Celebes. Group “ Oscines,” Miiller; family “ Artamide.” 
The last instances were two-faced; they looked to the Ratite, and to the nobler 
Southern Coracomorphe. My present instance is also one of these. 
Looking at the palate of this “* Wood-Swallow,” it is difficult to say to which of these 
two typesit is most related ; it is in some things intermediate between them. This great 
similarity is modified by two things, namely by far intenser ossification and by complete 
ornithic metamorphosis. Although the growth of another branch, yet this bird culmi- 
nates, as a southern type, at nearly the same level as the Piping Crow (Gymnorhina). 
The basitemporal region (Pl. LVIII. fig. 1, 4.4) is less evidently trilobate than in 
Pitta; and the parasphenoidal region (pa.s) is less bulky. ‘The rostrum ends at an 
unusual distance behind the hinge; and the basis faciei shows no mark of its former 
compositeness. 
The hinge, or cranio-facial cleft, is perfect, totally unlike its pittine prototype; and 
the fore part of the middle ethmoid shallows gradually, and is rounded in front. The 
trabecular and nasal elements are all ankylosed ; and the bone here, as in the rest of the 
skull, is more elegantly light and spongy than in Grallaria and Pitta. 
As in Grallaria, the nasal vestibule is of very great size; but here it is ossified to an 
unusual extent ; and the nasal floor, so small in the types just described, but largely 
