44 MR. H. J. ELWES ON THE GENUS PARNasSIvs. [Jan. 19, 
central ocellus usually with white pupil, and in the female sex a red 
oblong patch at the anal angle. Near the outer margin is a series 
of five large bluish-grey ocelli, broadly edged with black on the 
outside. 
The fringe of the wings is white, broader and more distinct on 
the hind wings than on the fore, but never spotted; the antenne 
are shining black ; the thorax and abdomen in the male are black, 
thickly covered with short downy hairs on the thorax, and with 
longer paler ones on the abdomen, which extend over the base of 
the fore wing and the inner margin of the hind wings, as far as the 
anal angle. 
The abdomen of the female is black with a few pale hairs down 
the centre of the upper surface, and divided into eight segments by 
distinct rings of a greyish colour ; the terminal segment in the female 
is furnished with a tuft of short grey hairs, which, when the pouch 
becomes developed, turn up almost at right angles to the body. The 
pouch is a remarkably shaped one, different from that of any other 
species of Parnassius (see Plate III. fig. 5). 
P. MNEMOSYNE. 
Parnassius mnemosyne, Linn. 8. N. x. p. 465. 
Var. nubilosus, Christoph, Hor. Ent. Ross. x. p. 19 (1873). 
This is the type of a large and widely distributed section of the 
genus. Some form of the group is found in almost every region where 
Parnassius occurs, and P. mnemosyne itself is of very wide distri- 
bution in Europe and Western Asia, but replaced in Eastern Asia 
and N.W. America by allied forms differing from it in minor cha- 
racters, but preserving a very strong general resemblance in all 
important ones. 
It is found in the Pyrenees at Cauterets (Oberthiir), in thousands 
on meadows on the Spanish slopes near Gavarnie, at 6600 feet 
(Pierret fide Speyer), in the Neapolitan and Sicilian mountains, in 
Auvergne (Sand), in many parts of the French, Swiss, Styrian, 
and Italian Alps, from about 2300 to 5000 feet ; but apparently of 
very local distribution, as Meyer-Dur had never seen it himself, and 
Dr. Staudinger told me that he had been equally unfortunate, whilst I 
have taken it abundantly in three different places. In many parts 
of N.E. Prussia, in Bavaria, the Hartz, in many parts of Austria, 
it is more or less common, and often at quite low elevations. I have 
taken it at Médling, close to Vienna, ona low rocky hill among bushes. 
In the south of Russia, and in the north of Europe, it seems to be an 
insect of the steppes and forests rather than of the mountains. It 
occurs locally in Denmark, Scandinavia, Finland, and as far north 
as Archangel. In Asia Minor and the Caucasus, it isin many places 
abundant, and aceording to Lederer always at a considerable eleva- 
tion up to 8000 feet, developing a smaller darker variety (nudilosus, 
Christoph) in Armenia and North Persia. In Asia it is found in 
the mountains of N. Persia, in various parts of Turkestan, and 
as far south as the Alai Mountains of Khokand, but not apparently 
in the Thian Shan or Altai, where it is replaced by P. clarius. 
