46 MR. H. J. ELWES ON THE GENUS PARNASsIvS. [Jan. 19, 
inclination to come together. I watched the cage till 3 p.m., when 
the insects appeared as before, but the males much less active. On 
the following morning I found one of them dead, and after waiting 
for some hours to see if anything would happen, went out. When I 
returned I found the female had escaped, some one having probably 
opened the gauze from curiosity. Several eggs were lying loose at 
the bottom of the cage, but these were lost in travelling. From 
these experiments I can form no conclusion as to whether the copu- 
lation had been incomplete, owing to the male having previously 
mated with another female, or whether the duration of the act was 
insufficient ; but the fact remains that eggs were laid by a female 
without a pouch, and that three days after emergence from the pupa, 
she remained healthy, though no pouch was formed. It seems to 
me that on account of the larger size of the pouch in this species it 
would be a better one for anatomical observation than that of P. apollo; 
and I hope that any entomologist who can assist me in making further 
investigations by supplying me with larve or pupz of this species 
will do so. As to whether the pouch is ever shed by this or other 
species of Parnassius, as asserted by some observers, 1 can only say 
that I never saw one without it, except specimens which from their 
extreme freshness I suppose to be unmated females, and of these 
I have numerous specimens belonging to 8 or 10 species. 
One fact seems hard to explain, and that is the copulation of spe- 
cimens which, from their appearance, were evidently not freshly 
hatched, which I have noticed both in mnemosyne and in delius, but 
which always separated when caught. Is it the case that, contrary 
to the usual rule, the male only mates once and dies afterwards, 
whilst the female, after having laid, is still attractive to males which 
have not found a mate previously? If Mr. Watson’s observations on 
P. apollo are correct, and the pouch is formed by a secretion exuded 
from the male and not the female, this seems likely ; connection 
of the pouch with the abdomen in all species of the mnemosyne 
group seems to be only at the hinder end, as at the forward end 
it is often quite separate from the body, and the edges more or less 
recurved. 
The variation of markings and size in this speciesis slight. Some 
specimens show a tendency to transition into P. stubbendorfi by the 
partial disappearance of the discal black blotches, and some females 
are almost devoid of the milky white scales which cover the greater 
part of the wings, but unless the var. nudilosus, of which I have 
seen but few, is a constant variety, I know of none which are worthy 
of especial notice, though Honrath describes a female melanic 
aberration from Carinthia as melania. 
P. sTUBBENDORFI. 
Parnassius stubbendorfi, Mén. Desc. Ins. Lehm. p. 57, t. vi. fig. 2 
(1848). 
P. mnemosyne, var. immaculata, Mén. Bull. de la classe phys.- 
math. de l’Acad. vol. v. n. 17. ‘ 
