508 THE WHITE CATTLE OF CHILLINGHAM. 
position of the knee, the beard of the male, and the formation of the muzzle, as means for 
further subdivision. 
THE Domestic Ox of Europe has been so modified in form, habits, and dimensions, by its 
long intercourse with mankind, that it has developed into as many permanent varieties as the 
dog, the pigeon, or the rabbit, and would in many cases be thought to belong to different 
species. Among the principal varieties of this animal may be noticed the Long Horned, the 
Short Horned, and the Polled or hornless breeds, and the Alderney cow, so celebrated for the 
quantity and quality of the milk which it daily furnishes. In almost every part of the world 
are found examples of the Ox, variously modified in order to suit the peculiar circumstances 
amid which they are placed, but in all instances they are susceptible of domestication, and are 
employed in the service of mankind. 
There are few animals which are more thoroughly useful to man than the Ox, or whose 
loss we should feel more deeply in the privation of so many comforts. Putting aside 
the two obvious benefits of its flesh and its milk—both of which are so needful for our 
comfort that we almost forget to think about them 
at all—we derive very great benefit from its powers. 
while living, and from many portions of its body 
when dead. 
In many parts of Europe Oxen are still employed. 
in agricultural labor, drawing the plough or the wagon. 
with a slow but steady plodding gait. The carpenter: 
would find himself sadly at a loss were his supply of 
glue to be suddenly checked by the disappearance of 
the animal, from whose hoofs, ears, and hide-parings- 
the greater part of that useful material is manufac- 
tured. The harness-maker, carriage-builder, and shoe- 
maker would in that case be deprived of a most 
valuable article in their trade ; the cutler and ivory 
turner would lose a considerable portion of the rough 
material upon which they work ; the builder would 
find his best mortar sadly impaired without a proper- 
admixture of cow’s hair; and the practical chemist 
would be greatly at a loss for some of his most: 
valuable productions if the entire Ox tribe were swept 
from the earth. Not even the very intestines are allowed to be wasted, but are employed for 
a variety of purposes, and in a variety of trades. Sometimes the bones are subjected to a. 
process which extracts every nutritious particle out of them, and even in that case, the remain- 
ing innutritious portions of the bones are made useful by being calcined, and manufactured 
into the animal charcoal which has lately been so largely employed in many of the arts and 
sciences. 
SKULL OF OX. 
Tur best living example of the original British Ox is to be found in the celebrated WnitTE 
CaTTLe oF CuILLIncHAM. The beautiful oleograph representing these cattle is remarkably 
true to nature. 
The color of these beautiful animals is a cream-white, with the exception of the ears and 
muzzle, the former of which are red, and the latter is black. Mr. Bell observes, that in 
every case of white cattle which have passed under his personal notice, the ears are marked 
with red or black, according to the breed. The white tint extends even to the horns, which 
are, however, tipped with black. They are rather slender in their make, and curve boldly 
upwards. 
As these Chillingham cattle are permitted to range at will through spacious parks in which 
they are kept, they retain many of the wild habits of their tribe, and are so impatient of 
