170 MESSRS. SCHAFER AND WILLIAMS ON THE [Jan. 18, 



tinuous with that of the gullet, and resembling it in all respects. It 

 is harsh to the feel, and in this respect contrasts strongly with the 

 soft mucous membrane of the second and third regions. It is unne- 

 cessary to enter into details of structure as regards this epithelium, 

 since it resembles others of its class, the lowermost cells (c') being 

 rounded or somewhat columnar, the layers above these composed of 

 polyhedral elements with dentated or ridged surfaces, and those 

 above these again swollen and enlarged ; finally, most superficial of all 

 are several strata of flattened scaly cells forming a horny layer (Ji) 

 distinguished, both by its somewhat fibrous appearance in section 

 and by its different reactions to staining fluids, from the Malpighian 

 layer or layers upon which it rests. Here and there one or two 

 lymphoid corpuscles are to be seen in between the deeper epithelium- 

 cells. A few papillae of the mucous membrane project into the 

 deeper parts of the epithelium ; but neither an inspection of sections 

 that were made from different parts, nor a careful examination of 

 the surface, could detect any racemose or tubular glands of any sort 

 in the region covered by this epithelium. At the line of demarcation 

 separating it from the glandular portion of the stomach, the surface 

 of the mucous membrane undergoes an abrupt change, perceptible 

 as easily by the unassisted eye and hand as with the aid of the 

 microscope. The manner in which the change takes place is 

 represented in the figure, but will be more readily understood after 

 the structure of the succeeding portion of the stomach has been 

 described. It is sufficient here to mention that all the layers of 

 cells of which the stratified epithelium is composed cease abruptly, 

 with the exception of the deepest layer ; this, on the contrary, 

 becomes directly continued into the simple layer of columnar epi- 

 thelium which covers the whole of the glandular portion, and which 

 sends prolongations into the mouths of the glands. 



The Mucous Membrane of the Second Region. — This region and 

 the remaining one include the whole of the glandular portion of the 

 organ. The mucous membrane is soft to the feel and of considera- 

 ble thickness ; and its surface is closely dotted with the orifices of 

 the tubular glands (Plate IX. fig. 2), which are densely arranged 

 and pass either vertically or somewhat obliquely through the whole 

 thickness of the membrane (which may, indeed, be stated to be in 

 a large measure composed of them) as far as the muscularis mucosse 

 (»?. m), which, as in man, limits the mucous membrane and sepa- 

 rates it from the submucous areolar tissue. Each gland-tube is 

 bounded (or rather may be said to be formed) by a delicate basement 

 membrane, appearing in section as a mere line outside the epithe- 

 lium of the gland. The tubes are cylindrical for the greater part 

 of their length, but are somewhat enlarged towards the orifice, and 

 also usually swollen out at the bottom (6). The surface of the 

 mucous membrane between the orifices of the tubular glands is, as 

 usual, covered by a single layer of characteristic columnar epithelium- 

 cells (c), with the attached ends tapering, apparently designed, like 

 the bricks in an arch, to accommodate themselves to the rounded 

 surface to which they are attached ; and this epithelium is con- 



