MAN. 20 
mal is supplied with just the bodily machinery that its 
wants and capabilities require. 
36. It is because the mind of man is not only superior 
to that of other animals, but is different in kind in some 
respects, that man has made and is continually making 
language. This no other animal has ever done. The in- 
ferior animals may have natural cries and signs, but they 
never agree to use artificial ones, and language is naught 
but a set of artificial signs. Some animals imitate spoken 
language, but they never make it. 
37. For the same reason man is the only animal that 
makes tools, and some one proposed to designate man as 
a tool-making animal. I think that we may go so far as 
to say that other animals never use tools placed in their 
way except from imitation of man. And even the most 
knowing and imitative do but little at this. ‘An ape,” 
says Wood, “ will sit delighted by a flame which a chance 
traveler has left, and spread its hands over the genial 
blaze; but when the glowing ashes fade, it has not suffi- 
cient understanding to supply fresh fuel, but sits and 
moans over the expiring embers.” 
38. If we look at the mind of man alone we do not 
think of him as an animal. We think of him in this light 
only when we observe his bodily organization, and see 
its resemblance to that of the higher orders of animals, 
and even in some respects to that of the lower also. 
These two views of man are seen in the common expres- 
sions which are used. When we use such expressions as 
man and other animals, or man and the inferior animals, 
we have in view bodily organization. When, on the oth- 
er hand, we use the expression man and animals, we have 
regard to those mental endowments which separate man 
entirely from animals. It is not in this view, but in the 
former, that the zoologist regards man in his classification. 
39. Mankind are one species, as already stated in § 20. 
But there are certain varieties or races of men quite dis- 
tinct from each other. The Caucasian race inhabits, tor 
