FOOT-HANDED AND HAND-WINGED VERTEBRATES. 29 
41. The races of men may also be subdivided into va- 
rieties. Each nation has characteristics which are some- 
times very marked. Thus the English and the Irish can 
ordinarily be readily distinguished at a glance. The 
Jews also have always been remarkably distinct from 
other nations. Then, too, we occasionally see an indi- 
vidual family with such striking peculiarities descending 
from father to son that we may call it a variety. 
Questions.—What is said of the machinery in different animals? 
What of the variety of motion in the foot of man, and in his hand ? 
What of the apparent simplicity of the hand as an instrument? What 
of its movements? What of its internal structure? What is said of 
the thumb? In what consists the chief superiority of the frame of 
man to that of other animals? In what respects are some animals 
superior to him? What is said of his erectness? What of his form 
and mode of movement? What of his face? What is the grand dis- 
tinction hetween man and other animals? What is said of the ma- 
chinery which the mind uses? What is said of language? What of 
making tools? What two views are taken of man, and to what modes 
of expression do these give rise? How many varieties are there of 
the human race, and what are they? Describe the Caucasian, the 
Ethiopian, the Mongolian, the American, the Malay. What is the 
testimony of the Bible as to their origin? Give the comparison be- 
tween the varieties of the human race, and the varieties in animals. 
What is said of national and family varieties ? 
CHAPTER III. 
FOOT-HANDED AND HAND-WINGED VERTEBRATES. 
42, Tue sub-class which I call Pedimana is termed, 
in the common classifications of zoologists, the order 
Quadrumana, four-handed animals. It is the ape and 
monkey-tribe. I have already spoken in Chapter II. of 
the capabilities of the hand of man as an instrument. 
If we compare them with the very limited capabilities of 
the hand of the ape or monkey, we must agree with Sir 
Charles Bell, who says that “we ought to define the 
