RUMINANT QUADRUPEDS. 89 
large first stomach, or paunch. Here it is macerated or 
soaked. Then it is passed into the second stomach, or 
honeycomb stomach, as it is called, from the cellular ar- 
rangement of its inner surface. Here in some way it is 
all made into distinct balls. Each of these is passed up 
into the mouth, and is chewed. It then goes down the 
gullet into the third stomach, the manyplies, so called 
because its inner lining membrane has a great many folds. 
From thence it is passed into the fourth stomach. It is 
this that corresponds to the stomach of man, and of all 
animals that live partly or wholly on animal food; for 
here the gastric juice is secreted and is mingled with the 
food. Inthe suckling Ruminant the milk passes directly 
into the fourth stomach, the other stomachs remaining 
unemployed until the animal begins to graze. 
155. The purpose of this arrangement for rumination 
is thus stated by Carpenter: “The Ruminantia, taken as 
a group, are timid, and are destitute of powerful means 
of defense against their foes, seeking safety in flight when 
alarmed, rather than stopping to defend themselves. A 
large proportion of them are natives of tropical regions, 
where they are liable to the attacks of the larger beasts 
of prey. Now their food—consisting, as it does, of grass- 
es and herbage, which contain a considerable amount of 
woody fibre—requires to be thoroughly masticated be- 
fore it can be properly digested. When feeding on the 
pastures they frequent they are subject to many alarms; 
and if they were compelled to spend a considerable time 
in masticating their food before swallowing it, they would 
often be in danger of starvation, by being obliged to leave 
their pasture before their wants were supplied. But by 
their power of subsequently returning their food to the 
mouth, and chewing it at their leisure, they are enabled 
to dispense entirely with any mastication previously to 
first swallowing it, and to feed with comparative quick- 
ness. They thus convey a store of food into the first 
stomach or paunch, as the Monkey does into his cheek- 
