CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS. 13° 
knows who has played with a fowl’s drum-stick, pulling 
upon this tendon. Now this tendon can be pulled upon 
in the living animal, and the toes of course be bent, with- 
out any action of the muscle. For observe, that at first 
the tendon is on the front of the limb, but it passes to 
the rear before it comes to the heel-bone. The effect of 
this arrangement is, that when the bird settles down in 
perching, the bending of the limb pulls on the tendon, 
and so the toes firmly grasp the perch. This arrange- 
ment is also of service to birds of prey in securing their 
victims; for, when they have pounced upon them, by 
merely settling down with all their weight, the bent 
claws grasp them with great force. 
209. There is very great variety in the plumage of 
birds, the gayest colors appearing in those of tropical 
climates; while, on the other hand, the birds of Arctic 
regions exhibit none but the duller hues. The latter, 
however, have a much larger proportion of downy feath- 
ers to keep them warm in the midst of the severe cold. 
With the bright and splendid colors of the tropical birds 
there is no power of song, the voice being either absent 
or disagreeable; but in the temperate zone, while the 
plumage is ordinarily much less beautiful, there is great 
variety of song, especially in the small birds. 
210. The tail is of service in flight, being moved in 
one way and another, so as to regulate the course of the 
bird. But it is not its only use to serve as a rudder; it 
is a part of the ornament which the Creator has given 
to this class of animals. Accordingly, it is varied much 
in its shape, arrangement, and color; and in some cases 
beauty seems to be aimed at rather than actual service, 
as in the tails of Peacocks and Birds of Paradise. 
211. The instinct which leads so many kinds of birds 
to change their climate according to the season is a won- 
der and a mystery. In a temperate climate there is a 
multitude of birds in gardens, fields, and forests in the 
summer, which for the most part disappear as the cold 
