TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. . 155 



who are black like the Hindus, brown like the Russians, and fair like the Scandina- 

 vians, to be of one and the same race, insisting that the Greeks of Alexander and the 

 Englishmen of Clive had the same blood in their veins as the Hindus whom a hand- 

 ful of them vanquished. As to the supposed identity of race from the evidence of 

 language, the author considered it sufficiently disposed of by the notorious fact that 

 many of the languages of Hindustan spoken by people asserted to belong to the 

 Aryan stock, had no fundamental relation to the Sanskrit tongue of the supposed 

 Aryans. In Europe, the isolated Basque language was evidence to the same effect. 



On the Influence of Domestic Animals on the Progress of Civilization (Birds). 

 By John Crawfurd, F.R.S. 



The object of this paper, one of a series on the same subject, was to show the 

 effect of the domesticated animals in the civilization of man, and was confined to 

 birds. The author showed that out of the vast variety of the feathered creation, not 

 above nine or ten species had been domesticated, while there was a wide range in 

 the quality and amount of the domestication which even this small number had 

 attained. The origin of a few of the species only could be traced to particular 

 countries, as the common fowls to India and China, the turkey to Mexico, and the 

 gallinre to Africa. But he seemed to think that the first domesticated of the greater 

 number was common to several countries, as the grouse, pigeon, duck, to most 

 countries of Europe and Asia. The author further showed that the numbers of 

 birds domesticated by a people might be considered a measure of their relative civili- 

 zation. Thus savages possessed no domestic bird at all ; barbarians very few, and 

 the most advanced only the whole number. Thus the savage tribes of America pos- 

 sessed none at all. The Mexicans possessed but one. The more advanced tribes of 

 the South Sea had one, the common fowl, while the Australians had none. The 

 Malayan nations were possessed of two, the common fowl and duck ; the Persians 

 of these and the pigeon, and Hindus of the last three with the peacock ; and the 

 Chinese of five, the common fowl, the goose, the pigeon, and two species of pheasant. 

 It is the more civilized nations of Europe alone that possess the entire number. 



On certain remarkable Deviations in the Stature of Europeans. 



By R. Cull. 



On the Existence of a true Plural of a Personal Pronoun in a living 

 European Language. By It. Cull. 



On a Set of Belief Models of the Alps, tyc. 

 By Captain Cybulz, Imperial Austrian Artillery. 



The author desires to introduce to the notice of this Meeting a set of models, in- 

 tended to facilitate instruction in the manner of delineating the features of the ground 

 on topographical maps, and lately introduced into the technical schools of Austria. 

 It is the first aim of the author to lead the pupil, by means of these models, to a 

 correct understanding or appreciation of form, as the only way of producing a first- 

 rate topographical draftsman. Instead, therefore, of setting him to imitate drawings 

 from paper, his studies and copies will be made from models, and, at a more advanced 

 stage, from nature itself. These models represent, first, inclined planes or slopes, 

 separate, in combination, or intersecting each other. It is from these the pupil acquires 

 the first idea of the principle upon which depends a correct delineation of the ground. 

 Secondly, we have three models which represent the most characteristic and most 

 widely distributed features of the ground. Having acquired from the preceding a 

 thorough knowledge of fundamental principles, the pupil will proceed to delineate 

 upon paper the following models. These represent, first, an undulating country ; 

 secondly, a plateau formation, with deeply-cut valleys ; thirdly and fourthly, some 

 mountainous tracts. Contour lines have been laid down upon the whole of these 

 models with mathematical accuracy. The horizontal projection of some of the most 

 difficult sections has also been added, to illustrate the manner of filling up the con- 



