TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 159 



just as the English in the twelfth century had Norman chiefs with Norman names; 

 but the great body of the people had in both instances remained unchanged. 



There was thus evidence that a body of Indo-Europeans had conquered the coun- 

 try north of Mount Lebanon before the reign of Rameses II. ; and on the other 

 hand, there was evidence that at the marriage of Amenholp III. the Egyptian empire 

 extended to Naharina or Mesopotamia. During this interval a peculiar form of 

 sun-worship was introduced into Egypt, and obtained a temporary superiority. That 

 this worship was of Aryan origin and that its introduction synchronized with the loss 

 of the foreign conquests of the Egyptians, are generally admitted by Egyptologists. 

 The middle of the reign of Amenholp III. must therefore have been about the time 

 when the Indo-European invasion in question took place ; i. e. according to Lepsius, 

 1506 b.c. ; according to Bunsen, 1468; according to Dr. Hincks, about 1390. 



Of the four proper names of Hittite chiefs which, according to Champollion, 

 ended in siro, three are supposed by Dr. Hincks to signify lords of different people ; 

 the fourth (Sopa-siro of Champollion) he reads Asp- iswar, "lord of the horse." This 

 reading (which, as well as the worship of the sun which these Indo-Europeans prac- 

 tised, suggests their close connexion with Persia) is confirmed by the name of Kus- 

 taspi, king of Kummukh, or Commagene, who, along with Razin of Damascus 

 and Minikhimi of Samaria, paid homage to Tiglath Pileser II. It would appear 

 that this Indo-European immigration took deeper root in uorthern than it did in 

 southern Syria. The name Kustaspi is evidently a compound, signifying, like that 

 of the father of Darius, " having .... horses ;" the meaning of the participle wista 

 or kusta being uncertain. In Sanskrit and Zend such compounds require no suffix 

 at the end. Assuming that kusta signified "chosen," kustaspa gen. kustaspahyd 

 would signify " having a chosen horse, or chosen horses." Here, however, a suffix 

 is added. The name is kustaspi, which would have for its genitive kustaspinas. This 

 marked difference is an argument for the diversity of the Indo-Europeans of Syria 

 from the Persians, though they resembled them in their sun-worship and in using aspa 

 for "horse." Another argument to the same effect is derived from the impossibility 

 of a Persian population making an incursion into Syria. Not only is the Semitic 

 population of Assyria interposed, but either Media or Elymais would have to be 

 •traversed, in the latter of which the language was of a totally different character 

 from any Indo-European one ; while in the former a dialect of Persian was used, in 

 which we know that aspa did not signify " a horse." In the Behistun inscription, 

 which was in this dialect, "horse" is expressed by asma, instead of by aspa, as at 

 Persepolis. See lines 86, 87 of the first column, where dasha and asma (in pure 

 Persian dasti and asjm) are translated in the Scythic, or rather Elymean version, 

 published by Mr. N orris, by the well-known Accadian words habba and kurra, 

 which are constantly used in the Assyrian inscriptions for "elephants" and "horses." 

 The true translation of the passage is this : " I divided the army. A part I made to 

 be carried by elephants. The other part I made to swim with the horses." 



These considerations lead to the conclusion that the Indo-Europeans in Syria did 

 not come from Persia; but that the Persians and they formed part of the same body 

 of immigrants, which divided into two bodies inArmenia or the neighbouring country. 

 The next thing to be considered is the evidence which may exist of such a people 

 having been settled in northern Syria and the country to the north of it. 



This evidence consists of proper names of men preserved in the Assyrian inscrip- 

 tions, which appear to be Indo-European compounds ; and of names of districts 

 which end in a sibilant which disappears when the word is inflected, and which 

 must therefore be the sign of the Indo-European nominative singular ; also of names 

 of districts in the genitive singular, which also terminates in s. 



A series of proper names of princes which all terminate alike is found in the Tiglath 

 Pileser cylinder ; namely, Kaliardiru, Kiliantiru, and Sadiantiru. The fact of the 

 latter parts of the three names being the same, is strong presumptive evidence that 

 those names are Indo-European. To determine their respective meanings is, how- 

 ever, the part of philology and not of ethnology. The name Kashkash, which oc- 

 curs in the Sallier Papyrus No. 3, as that of a country in alliance with the Khita, is 

 manifestly the Kaskaya of the Assyrian inscriptions ; and the Muskaya of these last, 

 the ~|'\i;D of the Hebrew Scriptures, is the Mushush of the Egyptian inscriptions, or, 

 as it should rather be written, the Muskusk ; for in ancient times the Egyptians, like 



