214 J. S. Newberry on the Formation of Cannel Coal. 
On the contrary, whenever the outcrop of a coal stratum is 
constantly covered with water, even though it have no other 
covering it will be found hard and bright, and containing nearly 
its maximum quantity of volatile ingredients. 
8rd. The higher illuminating power of the gases of cannel is 
a natural consequence of the preservation of the more volatile 
constituents of wood, by its continued submersion in a hydro- 
genous liquid. 
It is also probable that the illuminating power of cannel gas 
is often somewhat increased by the animal matter which it*con- 
significant indications of its aquatic origin. —- . 
Fishes are found in cannel in abundance, scales, teeth, spines, 
coprolites, and entire individuals being, in some localities, s0 
profusely scattered through its substance as to prove conclusively 
that they must have lived and died in great numbers in waters, 
at the bottom of which comminuted vegetable matter was accu 
mulating as a carbonaceous paste, with which their remains have 
mingled, and the whole, consolidated, has become a stratum of 
cannel. 
L have before me as I write, pieces of beautiful cannel from 
England, in which are impacted teeth of Megulichthys, scales © 
Pilon iscus, and many other forms of aquatic life. And in Ohio 
T have found fishes in large numbers in a thin stratum of canne 
underlying a thick seam of bituminous coal; which last contains 
none. 
Shells too are not unfrequently found imbedded in the middle 
of a stratum of cannel. ; 
The vegetable remains which I have observed in cannel are 
Stigmariae,—roots and rootlets of trees which grew in the coal: 
marshes,—generally occurring:in detached ents—shapeless 
SSB fare Secgns ein ane anny se sete 
