

CONTENTS 



INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS 



CHAPTER I. — The Jointed Animals, — Subkingdom Arthropoda ; The Insects, — Class 

 Insecta ; Ants, Bees, Wasps, etc., — Order Hymenoptera. 



PAGE 



Distinction between Vertebrates and Invertebrates — Special Characters of Arthropods 

 — Distinctive Characteristics of Insects — Geological Age of Insects — Other Features — 

 Mimicry — Characteristics of Hymenoptera — Development — Classification — The Saw- 

 Fly Group (Suborder Sessiliventres) — Stem Saw -Flies (Cephidm) — Tailed Wasps 

 (Siricidcn) — True Saw-Flies ( Tenthredinidce) — Typical Group (Suborder Petiolata) — 

 Gall-Wasps (Cynipidce) — Proctotrypidce — Chalcididai — Iclmeunion-Wasps(2c/ineMmo?mte) 

 — Braconidce — Other Families — The Ants (Formicida>) — Mutillidce, etc. — Bembicidce — 

 Pompilidce — Sphegidce — Crabronidie — Philanthidce —Wasps and Bees — Solitary Wasps 

 and Mud-Wasps (Masaridce and Eumeniclce) — Social Wasps (Vespidcn) — Solitary Bees 

 (Andrenidce) — True Bees (Apidce), .,,,... 1 



CHAPTER. II. — Jointed Animals, — continued ; Insects,— continued. 

 The Flies and Fleas, — Order Diptera. 



Characteristics of the Order — Straight- Seamed Flies (Suborder Orthorrhapha) — Mosquitoes 

 and Gnats (Gulicidai) — Daddy-Long-Legs (Tipulida) — Midges (Chironomidai) — Fungus- 

 Midges (Mycetophilidai) — Gall-Midges (Cecidomyidce) — Sand-Flies, etc. (Simuliidce and 

 Bibionidm) — Horse-Flies, or Breeze-Flies (Tabanidcc) — Robber-Flies, etc. (Asilidce and 

 Empidce) — Bee-Flies (Bombyliidce) — Circular-Seamed Flies (Suborder Cyclorrhapha) — 

 Hover-Flies (Syrphidce) — Conopidce— Typical Flies (Muscidce)— Gad-Flies and Bot-Flies 

 (CEstridce) — Forest-Flies (Hippoboscidce) — Fleas (Pulicidcv, etc.), > . . .47 



CHAPTER III. — Jointed Animals, — continued ; Insects, — continued. 

 Butterflies and Moths, — Order Lepidoptera. 



Characters of the Order — Development— Structure of Larva— Pupa— Enemies— Mimicry — 

 Imago, or Perfect Insect — Head — Thorax, and its Appendages — Abdomen — Extinct 

 Forms — Butterflies (Suborder Rhopalocera) — Classification — Fritilkry Group (Nymph* 

 alidce)—Erycinidce — Blues and Coppers (Lyccenida) — Skippers (Hesperiida ) — The Moths 

 (Sul (order Heterocera) — Emperor- Moths (Satu rn iidm) — Silk - Spinners (Bom bycidce)-— 

 Hawk-Moths (Sphingiche)— Prominents (Notodontidce)— Clear- Wings (Scsiidoz) — Synto- 

 midce — Burnets (Zygcenidce) — Case- Weavers (I'sychidce) — C'ossidce — Allied Families — 

 Lasiocampidce — Lymantriidce — Tiger - Moths (Arctiido?) — Owl - Moths (Nochiidce) — 

 Loopers (Geometridce) — Snout-Moths (Hypenidce) — Suborder Microlepidoptera, . . 77 



CHAPTER IV. — Jointed Animals, — continued ; Insects,— continued. 

 The Beetles, — Order Colcoptera. 



Characteristics of the Order— Section Pentamera— Tiger-Beetles (Cicindelidce) — Carnivorous 

 Ground-Beetles (Carabidce)— Carnivorous Water-Beetles (Dytiscido)— Whirligig Beetles 



