MOLE-RATS. 147 
The sandy deserts of Australia are inhabited by certain elegant 
representatives of the present group distinguished by their elongated 
hind-limbs, long ears and tail, and general jerboa-like appearance. Indeed, these 
jerboa-rats (Hapalotis) seem to take the place of the true jerboas in the regions 
they inhabit. 
Lichtenstein’s A peculiar species from Tasmania, known as Lichtenstein’s rat 
Rat. (Mastacomys), differs from ordinary rats in the great width of the 
molar teeth, and also by the circumstance that the female has but four teats. It 
somewhat resembles the water-vole in size and form, although the body is clothed 
with longer and softer fur. 
Jerboa-Rats. 
THE MoLE-Rats. 
Family SP4LACIDZ, 
The strange-looking creature shown in the illustration on p. 148 is the 
typical representative of a small family of Old World Rodents, all of which are 
adapted for a purely subterranean mole-lke life. Except for their large and 
projecting incisor teeth, which at once proclaim them members of the Rodent 
order, the mole-rats have a general mole-like appearance, their eyes and external 
ears being small or rudimentary, the limbs short and provided with large and 
powerful claws, and the tail usually short or practically wanting, while the body 
is cylindrical and not marked off from the head by any distinct neck. Their molar 
teeth are furnished with roots, and have re-entering folds of enamel on their crowns, 
and premolars may or may not be present. It may be remarked here that the 
assumption of mole-like habits and a more or less mole-like bodily form is common 
to several groups of smaller mammals. Thus, among the Insectivores, we have the 
true moles and the Cape golden mole; while in the Rodents we find mole-like 
forms in the mole-voles in the present family, and also in the South American 
tucutuco, belonging to the family Octodontide, described in the next chapter. 
The marsupial mole of Austraha presents. us with an example of the Pouched 
Mammals, having a similar form and mode of life. 
The great mole-rat (Spalax typhlus), which is the only repre- 
sentative of its genus, is characterised by the absence of premolar 
teeth, by the minute eyes being completely covered with skin, and the rudimental 
wart-like ears. The fur is soft, and so arranged as to be reversible, by which 
means the movements of the animal in its burrow are much facilitated. The 
general colour is yellowish brown tinged with ashy grey above, and ashy grey, 
mingled with spots and flecks of white, beneath. This species inhabits South- 
Eastern Europe, whence it extends eastwards to Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia, 
and also occurs in Lower Egypt. 
The great mole-rat constructs tunnels very much resembling 
those of the mole, their course being marked by heaps of earth thrown 
out at intervals. But while the mole constructs its lengthy burrows for the sake 
cf feeding upon carth-worms, the present species and its allies make their sub- 
terranean journeys in search of bulbs and roots. In Egypt, according to Dr. J. 
Great Mole-Rat. 
Habits. 
