198 SNAKES. 



The Colubrine Snakes. 

 Family GOLUBRIDM. 



The skulls of the remaining snakes are markedly distinguished from those 

 of the foregoing by the total absence in the lower jaw of the bone known as the 

 coronoid ; while in all cases a supratemporal is present on the upper surface of the 

 skull. The present family, which includes by far the great majority of the species 

 of the suborder, and comprises both harmless and noxious kinds, is specially 

 distinguished from those to be mentioned later on by the circumstance that in 

 the skull the upper jawbone, or maxilla, is fixed in a horizontal position, and 

 also that the pterygoids reach either to the quadrate-bone or the lower jaw. 



Before coming to the Colubrine family it should, however, be mentioned 

 that there is one remarkable snake {Xenopeltis unicolor), from South-Eastern 

 Asia, retaining in the structure of its skull traces of affinities with the boas and 

 pythons. This affinity is displayed by the fact that the prefrontal bone, which 

 lies immediately behind the nasal aperture of each side, is of large size, and 

 extends forwards and inwards to articulate with the nasal bone in the same 

 manner as the boas. Accordingly, this snake is regarded as the representative of 

 a distinct family (Xenopeltidce), which is considered to have originated from the 

 Bo idee quite independently of the Colubrines. 



From Xenopeltis the Colubrines are distinguished by the small size of the 



prefrontal bone of each side, which articulates merely to the outer front angle of 



the frontal bone without any contact with the nasal boneo In such a large group 



it is highly important to have some means of division into subgroups of higher 



value than genera ; and, according to the modern classification, three such serial 



divisions may be indicated by the characters of the teeth. The first and most 



primitive of these series, which may be termed the solid-toothed colubrines 



(Aglypha), is characterised by the whole of the teeth being solid, without any 



trace of grooves, all its representatives being harmless, On the other hand, in the 



second series or hind-fanged colubrines (Opisthoglypha), one or more of the hinder 



teeth of the upper jaw are grooved ; while in the third series or front-fanged 



colubrines (Proteroglypha) the front teeth of the upper jaw are grooved or tubular. 



Of the last series the whole of the members are poisonous, while many of those 



of the second are noxious in a minor degree, All these three sections contain 



species adapted to particular modes of life, so that we may have two or three 



snakes which, while externally very similar, are only distantly allied to one another. 



The Javan wart-snake (Acrochordiis javanicus) may be taken 

 Wart-Snakes. . • . J 



as a well-known representative of the first, or acrochordine subfamily 



of the solid-toothed colubrines, which includes only five genera, distributed over 

 South-Eastern Asia and Central America. Unfortunately, the characters distin- 

 guishing this subfamily from the next are connected with the bones of the skull, 

 and cannot therefore be verified without dissection, but in the study of snakes, 

 according to the modern system, the student must accustom himself to such 

 difficulties. The essential feature of the skull in the present group is the pro- 

 duction of the postfrontal bone above the cavity of the eye ; while, as a secondary 



