362 Distribution of Moths of the Sub-family Bistonine. 
of the Red Sea, there only flowed a noble river, receiving both 
the Nile drainage and that of Central Syria. Consequently, 
the two lines of advance were but one and the course followed 
was in all probability a broad one crossing the whole area from 
Palestine to the uplands of Southern Arabia—exactly the 
path indicated by the distribution of the European Mollusc 
genus Clausilia in Asia Minor and Africa and by that of the 
Coney (Procavia syriacus), and of the fishes peculiar to the 
Jordan and Upper Nile. Tracing back the line of advance of 
Palaeonyssia is now an easy matter ; except that almost the 
whole of the great Siberian Plain was one vast inland sea, and 
that the great Central Asian system of folded plateaux was 
distinctly lower then than now, the southern course of Miocene 
animals advancing from North Eastern Asia into new areas, 
was not greatly different from that available to-day. It is 
just such as was followed by the first great colonising sweep 
of Oriental forms which hurled itself along the fertile slopes 
of the Yablonoi, Sajan, Altai, Thian Shan and Hindu Kush 
Mountains through the uplands of Persia ard across Southern 
Syria ; here it passed in two waves, one reaching Europe via 
Asia Minor, and the other advancing into what then existed 
of our continent via North Africa and the two (perhaps three): 
causeways across the Mediterranean Sea. The latter was the 
course adopted by Actas in reaching Spain, but only after it 
had parted company with Palaeonyssia and a branch of its 
own genus which struck south across Persia and Arabia to 
Abyssinia and onward as we have shown. 
With this link, the wanderings of Palaeonyssia are completed,. 
and its long and eventful journey from its headquarters in 
North Eastern Asia to its present home in South Africa traced. 

=F On 
Mr. W. Mark Webb has an illustrated article on ‘ Grangerising’ in 
The Selborne Magazine for September. In the same number, Dr. H. H. 
Corbett writes a caustic note on ‘ Sources of Error.’ 
Wild Life for August contains the following items :—‘Some Field 
Notes on the Nightjar,’ by G. C. S. Ingram; ‘ Rats and Mice,’ by L. E. 
Adams; ‘Notes on Reed Bunting,’ by E. E. Pettitt ; ‘ Tortoise-shell 
Larve,’ by O. Warner; ‘An August Diary in an Inland District,’ by 
E. Eykyn, as well as a continuation of Mr. Selous’s ‘ Notes on Sexual 
Selection in Birds.’ The publication contains the usual wealth of illus- 
tration. 
The use to which the curious instruments known as eoliths were put 
has been the subject of much controversy. In Knowledge tor August, 
Major Marriott considers that the opinion is now generally prevalent 
that they are of human workmanship, and that they were body stones 
eing well adapted for rubbing down the body and limbs, scraping the 
skin and rasping the toes. He illustrates his point by showing similar 
stone implements still used by modern savages, and also by terra cotta 
foot raspers used by modern Egyptians. 
Naturalist; 
