382 Distribution of Moths of the Sub-family Bistoninae. 
distinct as its heavier antenne show. This form, with im- 
proved conditions, moved northward, coming once more into 
touch with N. alpina in the Piedmont. 
Just as N. zonaria yielded N. alpina, so, by an even more 
abrupt mutation, the latter species gave rise to N. grecaria, 
and this somewhere in Carniola where N. alpina was not so 
true to its name. Then the new species spread along the 
Dinaric Alps, bifurcating as it reached the Balkan Mountains 
and the Pindus Range, the former migrants invading Bulgaria 
and the latter colonising Greece, while yet Corfu was attached 
to the Motherland. With its passage into the warmer and 
sunnier regions of Greece, it receded from its typical form 
and, under the same conditions which caused JN. tztalica to 
separate from N. alpina, in the same direction. Thus, N. 
alpina bears somewhat the same relation to N. italica as N. 
var. isiviana bears to N. grecaria, but with this difference, 
in the former case, the diverging is of specific value and in the . 
latter, varietal. Probably, N. italica and N. alpina have, 
at one time, been totally disconnected for a considerable 
period, whilst under favourable condition, in the slightly or 
non-glaciated Balkan Peninsula, istviana and grecaria have 
never been so disjoined. 
With this, our study of the wanderings of the species 
included in the genus Nyssia are completed. 
—: 0 :———_ 
Partridge Perching in Tree.—Some friends of mine, 
shooting at Nun Monkton, on October 2nd, flushed a covey of 
partridges, one of which perched on the top of a Scots Fir, 
thirty feet high at least. There was no mistake, as the oc- 
currence was witnessed by six people, and the bird was shot 
when he was induced to leave his lofty perch.—R. FORTUNE. 
The Natterjack in Cumberland.—With regard to the 
recent notes in The Naturalist (ante pp. 330 and 347) on the 
occurrence of this toad in Cumberland, it should be mentioned 
that the species has been well known to resident naturalists 
for many years. Macpherson dealt fully with its distribution 
in our area in the ‘Vertebrate Fauna of Lakeland,’ and later in 
the Victoria History. While resident at Allonby he had 
numbers in the vicarage garden where I saw them. He found 
they were partial to the strawberry beds. I have myself met 
with it freely on the sandy beach between Maryport and 
Silloth, hiding in the daytime under stones. From the 
localities from whence it has been recorded its range evidently 
covers the entire length of the Cumberland littoral, with pro- 
bably a blank in the mining area between Whitehaven and 
Maryport. Apparently it is only found on the coast in this 
county, or immediately contiguous thereto.—F. H. Day, 26 
Cutrock Terrace, Carlisle, 2nd. Nov., 1916. 
Naturalist, 
