SPOONBILLS. 319 
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Eastern Europe and India, this bird is found breeding in colonies comprising 
thousands of individuals; the nests being generally placed in low bushes. 
The last genus we have space to mention is exclusively American, and 
comprises the beautiful scarlet ibis (Guara rubra), ranging from Northern South 
America to Central America and the West Indies; and the white ibis (G. alba), 
which is South American. While agreeing with the preceding in having the front 
of the metatarsus covered with large scales, they differ in that the whole front 
of the head is naked in the adult. Both have the tips of the wings blackish: 
the rest of the plumage being scarlet in the one, and black in the other. 
While the glossy ibis appears never to have been anything 
more than a casual visitor to England, there is good evidence to 
show that the beautiful bird known as the white spoonbill (Platalea leucolodia), 
nested in Suffolk and Sussex some three centuries ago, although now it is but 
rarely seen in Britain. The genus to which the spoonbill pertains represents 
a subfamily distinguished from the ibises by the beak being very broad and 
depressed, widening out at the tip into a spatulate expansion, and except at the 
extremity being almost straight. Like the storks, spoonbills have no true organ 
of voice; but they differ from the members of the former group in having the 
lower end of the windpipe folded in a figure of eight. Their tongues are short 
like those of the storks, but blunted at the end. Spoonbills, of which there are 
several species, have a cosmopolitan distribution, although they are not found in 
Malaysia and Oceania. In the common species, which attains a length of about 32 
inches, the whole plumage of the adult, inclusive of the crest at the back of the 
head, is white, with the exception of a band of buff feathers on the front of the 
lower part of the neck, and a streak of the same tint up each side of the same. 
The roots of some of the feathers of the back also display a rosy tinge. With the 
exception of the extremity of its rounded portion, when it is yellow, the beak is 
black, as are also the legs and feet; while the iris is bright red, and a patch of 
naked skin on the throat is yellow. Young birds have no crests, and the shatts 
and tips of the primary quills black. The spoonbill ranges over the greater part 
of Europe except the extreme north, while eastwards it extends across Southern 
Siberia to Amurland and the north of China; its southern range including India 
and North Africa. In Japan it is replaced by the greater spoonbill (P. major), 
and this country is also the habitat of the lesser spoonbill (P. ™m inor). 
The spoonbill frequents either marshes, lakes, or sandbanks in rivers, where 
it may be met with in small parties or large flocks. It feeds in shallow water, in 
which it dabbles with its broad beak in search of insects, crustaceans, molluscs, 
frogs, and small fish. It breeds in numbers in a marsh near Amsterdam, which is, 
however, being drained; and there are numerous nesting-places in India. In 
Holland the nests are situated on the mud among reeds, and are raised to a 
height of from twelve to eighteen inches, being composed of reeds and mud, and 
tapering from base to summit, upon which is a slight depression for the 
white eges,—usually four in number. The eggs are laid at intervals of several 
days and incubated at once. In colour the eggs are dull white, with reddish 
brown streaks and spots. In India and Ceylon the spoonbill nests in tall trees, 
the pipal and the tamarind being favourites. 
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Spoonbills. 
