498 PLOVER TRIBE. 
species the metatarsus is covered both in front and behind with scutes, the tibia 
may be either feathered to its base, or partially naked; but a small first toe, 
elevated above the level of the others, is always present. There is but little 
difference between the summer and winter dress; and the peculiar mottled russet 
or ashy tone of the plumage is admirably adapted for concealing the birds in 
their native haunts. All these birds are more or less nocturnal in their 
habits; and all are endued with the power of strong, rapid, and long-sustained 
flight, frequently accompanied by those peculiar zig-zag dartings when frightened, 
which renders snipe-shooting in many countries so difficult to the inexperienced. 
The long and sensitive beak is adapted for probing in soft mud in search of the 
insects, larvee, and worms on which these birds chiefly subsist. Although each 
male invariably pairs with a single female in all the species, some may be gregarious 
at certain seasons, while others are always solitary. All frequent either marshes 
or woodland swamps; and they make slight nests on the ground in which are 
deposited four pear-shaped and spotted eggs. In the young the beak is com- 
paratively short. The genus comprises seventeen species, some of which are 
divided into local varieties, and have a world-wide distribution, four of the species 
occurring in the British Islands, where, however, only two breed. 
Contrasted with the common snipe, the woodcock differs so 
markedly in several features that if we had these two alone to deal 
with they might be referred to distinct genera, but the existence of more or less com- 
pletely intermediate types renders it preferable to follow Mr. Seebohm in including 
the whole under the genus Scolopax. In the snipe a considerable portion of the tibia is 
bare, whereas in the woodeock (S. rusticola) it is completely feathered; there are four- 
teen tail-feathers in the former and twelve in the latter; in the snipe the primaries 
are long and the secondaries short, whereas the reverse is the case with its cousin ; 
the black markings on the head of the snipe are longitudinal, and commence at the 
beak, while in the woodcock they are transverse and confined to the back of the 
head; the under surface of the tail-feathers of the woodeock have silvery white 
tips, which are wanting in the snipe; the snipe has uniformly coloured primary 
quills, while those of the woodecock are barred; lastly, the eggs of the woodeock 
have a much paler ground-colour than those of the snipe. Measuring from 13 to 
Woodcock, 
14 inches in length, the common woodeock may be distinguished from its 
allies by the above-mentioned transverse markings on the head, and the silvery 
tips to the under-surface of the tail-feathers, coupled with the barred breast, and 
the bars on both webs of the primaries; and it will thus be unnecessary to describe 
the bird in detail, although reference must be made to its large, brown, beady eye. 
Breeding as far north as the Arctic Circle in forest-districts, and as far south as 
the Alps, Caucasus, and Himalaya, at considerable elevations, as well as in the 
mountains of Japan, the common woodcock ranges over the greater part of Kurope 
and Asia, visiting India and the adjacent regions in winter. Although the 
individuals breeding in the extreme north are migratory, those whose nesting- 
haunts are more to the south are probably resident. The smaller North American 
woodeock (GS. minor) differs by the narrowness of the first three primary quills, 
and the nearly uniform coloration of all the primaries and under-parts; the 
Moluecean woodcock (S. rochussen?) has a uniform breast and barred primaries ; 
