544 DIVING-BIRDS. 
portions of Africa and the whole of Greenland, this species is represented by a variety 
in Western North Africa. Lastly, we have the familiar dabchick or little grebe 
(P. fluviatilis) of the Old World, and the least grebe (P. dominicus) of tropical 
America, together with some southern forms, as the representatives of a fourth group, 
characterised by the small size of its members, the very short neck and beak, and 
the absence of tufts or crests in the breeding-plumage. By many writers these 
species are regarded as constituting a distinct genus—Tachybaptes. The dabchick, 
which is the commonest of the British grebes, has a wide range in the Old World; 
its breeding-area including the subtropical portions of both the Northern and 
Southern Hemispheres south of latitude 42°, as well as elevated regions within the 
tropics, while in Western Europe it extends some 20° further north. Not exceed- 
ing 94 inches in length, the dabchick in breeding-plumage is characterised by the 
chestnut-red of the cheeks and front of the neck, which in the American species 
are always ashy grey. 
wae With the exception that the dabchick, like its small allies, 
generally spends the whole year in the neighbourhood of fresh-waters, 
the grebes are very similar in their habits, all of them resorting to rivers and lakes 
for the purpose of breeding. Their diving powers are such that, when pursued, 
these birds seldom take to wing, but nearly always endeavour to escape by disap- 
pearing beneath the water, to reappear in the most unexpected place. Indeed, 
although the larger species fly strongly and well, with the neck stretched out and 
the wings moving rapidly, the dabchick but rarely takes to flight. The ordinary 
alarm-note of the great crested grebe may be expressed by the syllables hek-kek ; 
but at the pairing-season a guttural sound is uttered. Their food consists of frogs, 
fish, molluses, water-insects, ete., supplemented by the shoots and seeds of aquatic 
plants; and several instances are on record where the dabchick has been found 
choked through having endeavoured to swallow the common bullhead. The great 
crested grebe frequently associates in parties during the breeding-season ; when, 
like its congeners, it makes its large nest of decaying water-plants so nearly level 
with the surface of the water that it is generally constantly wet. A colony of 
these birds on the Zaader Zee, near Danzig, is described by Mr. Seebohm, who 
writes, that “they were breeding in an immense reed-bed, and as our boat neared 
their nesting-grounds we saw the grebes sailing majestically, not to say indignantly, 
out of the side of the reed-bed. As soon as we reached the place I put on my 
waders, and was soon in a dense forest of reeds, where it was very easy to lose 
one’s way. The water was above my knees, and the reeds were far above my 
head. After stopping to take the nest of a great sedge-warbler with four eggs, I 
soon found the colony of grebes. There were dozens of nests, but never very close 
to each other, and I soon filled my handkerchief with eggs. It was the 5th of 
June, and only about half the nests contained the full complement of eggs. The 
birds had evidently seen us long before we approached, and had had ample time to 
retreat with dignity. In the nests, which contained three or four eggs, these were 
warm and covered with damp moss; but in those containing only one or two, they 
were uncovered and cold.” Mr. Seebohm was thus led to believe that the eggs are 
not covered till the female begins to incubate, and the purpose of covering them 1s 
as a protection against chill, and not for concealment; white eggs being quite in- 
